ACEE 434 Environmental Systems Design - Korea University

ACEE 434 

Environmental Systems Design 

Week 3 

September 16, 2009 

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 1

Overview 

Guri WWTP 


Screen, Grit Removal 

Influent 

Primary Clarifiers 

Aeration Tanks 

Dewatering 

Facilities 

Effluent 

Secondary 

Clarifiers 

Ozone 

Disinfection 

Anaerobic 

Digesters 

Satellite image obtained from NAVER 


Pretreatments 

Screen 

Grit removal chamber 


Primary Treatments 

Primary clarifier 

Buoyant solids 


Secondary Treatments 

Aeration tank 

Secondary clarifier 


Advanced Treatments 

Ozone disifection 


Wastewater 

Constituents 

• Physical characteristics 

• Inorganic characteristics 

ti 

• Organic characteristics 

• Biological characteristics 

http://www.co.allen.oh.us/san/htmlPPT/american2/images/16.jpg 


Physical Constituents 

• Solids 

• Particle size distribution 

• Turbidity 

• Color 

• Transmittance 

• Temperature 

• Conductivity 

• Density 

• Specific gravity 

• Specific weight 


Solids 

105 o C 

105 o C 

Imhoff cone 

MetCalf and Eddy Figure 2-5 

500 o C Filter unit 


Interrelationships of solids found in water and 

wastewater. In much of the water quality literature, the 

solids passing through the filter are called dissolved 

solids. 

Aluminum dish 

Glass fiber 

filter 



Size Range 

0.45 -2.0μm: filter size for TSS determination 


Size ranges of organic 

contaminants in wastewater and 

size separation and measurement 

techniques used for their 

quantification 


Example 2-4 

Analysis of solids data 

Sample size = 50 mL 

• Tare mass of evaporation dish = 53.5433 g 

• Mass of evaporating dish plus residue after evaporation at 105 o C = 53.5794 g 

• Mass of evaporating dish plus reside after ignition at 550 o C = 53.5625 g 

• Tare mass of Whatman GF/C filter after drying at 105 o C = 1.5433 g 

• Mass of Whatman GF/C filter and reside after drying at 105 o C = 1.5554 g 

• Mass of Whatman GF/C and residue after ignition at 550 o C = 1.5476 g 

Determine total solids (TS), total volatile solids (TVS), total suspended solids 

(TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and volatile 

dissolved solids (VDS), respectively. 

MetCalf and Eddy Example 2-4 

Analysis of solids data 


Temperature 

• Very important t parameter because of its effect on chemical reactions and 

reaction rates, aquatic life, and the suitability of the water for beneficial uses. 

• Most important in wastewater treatment 

- Dissolve oxygen solubility ↓ as temperature ↑ 

- Biological activity ↑ as temperature ↑ (optimum range 25-35 o C) 

- Chemical activity ↑ as temperature ↑ 


Temperature 

• Effects on reaction rates (van’t Hoff-Arrhenius relationship) 

d(ln 

k) 

dT 

E 

= RT 

2 

dT 

k2 E( 

T2 

−T1 

) E 

ln = = 

( T 

2 

−T 

1 

) 

k 

RT T 

RT T 

1 1 2 

1T2 

C 

k 

ln 2 = 

C 

( 

T 

2 

−T 

1 

) 

k 

1 

k 

k 

k 1 

k 

k 

C ( T 2 − T ) 

= e e C = θ 

2 1 

k 1 

= θ 

( T 2 −T 

) 

2 1 


Temperature 

The effect of temperature t on the maximum growth rate of Nitrosomonas 

ˆ μ 

μ N 

= 

0.47e 

0.098( T −15) 

wth 

Maxi imum spe ecific gro 

rate (d day-1) 

16 

14 

12 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

0 10 20 30 40 50 

Temperature (oC) 


Inorganic Constituents 

•pH 

• Nitrogen 

• Phosphorus 

• Alkalinity 

• Chlorides 

•Sulfur 

• Other inorganic constitutents 

• Gases 

• Odors 


pH 

• The concentration range suitable for the existence of most biological life is 

quite narrow and critical (typically 6 to 9). 

+ 

pH = −logl 

10 [ 

H 

] 

O H 2 

↔ 

H 

+ + 

OH 

− 

[ H 

][ OH 

H O 

+ 

2 

− 

] 

= 

K 

http://www.techneusa.com/ph/3510.jpg 

[ H 

+ 

][ OH 

− 

] = 

−14 

Kw = 1× 

10 @ 25 

o 

C 

pH + pOH =14 


Nitrogen 

• Nitrogen species 

• Oxidation states 

MetCalf and Eddy Table 2-7 

Definition of the various terms used to 

define various nitrogen species 

NH 3 –N 2 –N 2 O – NO – N 2 O 3 –NO 2 –N 2 O 5 

-3 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +4 


Nitrogen 

• Nitrogen cycle 

denitrification 

nitrification 

http://ohioline.osu.edu/aex-fact/images/463_1.jpg 


Phosphorus 

• A essential nutrient for the growth of algae and other biological 

organisms 

• Forms: Orthophosphate, polyphosphate, organic phosphate 

http://www.waterwatchadelaide.net.au/uploads/imag 

es/wetlands/blue_green.jpg 

eutrophication 


Gases 

• N 2 , O 2 , CO 2 , H 2 S, NH 3 , CH 4 

atmosphere 

decomposition of organic matters 

• Solubility of gases in water 

- The ideal gas law 

PV = nRT 

- Henry’s law 

P = 

g 

H 

P 

T 

x 

g 

P = absolute pressure, atm 

V = volume occupied by the gas, L, m3 

n = mole of gas, mole 

R = universal gas law constant, t 0.082057082057 atm·L/mole·K 

T = temperature, K 

P g = mole fraction of gas in air, mole gas/mole of air 

H = Henry’s law constant, 

atm (mole gas/mole air)/(mole gas/mole water) 

P T = total pressure, usually 1.0 atm 

x g = mole fraction of gas in water, mole gas/mole water 


Metals 

MetCalf and Eddy Table 2-13 


Organic Constituents 

• BOD 

•TOC 

•COD 

•ThOD 

• Priority pollutants 

• Volatile organic pollutants 

• Disinfection byproducts 

• Pesticides 

Aggregate g organic constituents 

• Emerging organic compounds 

Individual organic constituents 


BOD 

• The importance of measuring BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) 

- To determine the approximate quantity of oxygen that will be required to 

biologically stabilize the organic matter present 

- To determine the size of wastewater facilities 

- To measure the efficiency of some treatment process 

- To determine compliance with wastewater discharge permit 


BOD 

• Three main activities of aerobic decomposition of organic wastes 

- Oxidation 

COHNS + O 2 + bacteria → CO 2 + H 2 O + NH 3 + other products + energy 

Organic waste 

- Synthesis 

COHNS + O 2 + bacteria + energy → C 5 H 7 O 2 N 

- Endogenous respiration 

C 5 H 7 O 2 N + 5O 2 → 5CO 2 + NH 3 + 2H 2 O 

New cell tissue 


BOD 

Filling dilution 

water saturated Adding test 

in oxygen sample 

Incubating 5 days @ 20 o C 

BOD bottle 

D 1 = DO conc. @ t = 0 day 

BOD incubator 

D 2 = DO conc. @ t = 5 day 

D1 

− D2 

BOD5 , mg / L = 

P 

Fraction of wastewater sample volume 

to total combined volume 


BOD 

D1 

− D2 

BOD, 

mg / L = 

P 

( D1 − D2 

) − ( B1 

− B2 

BOD , mg 

/ 

L 

= 

P 

) f 

Fraction of seeded dilution water 

volume in sample to volume of seeded 

dilution water in seed control 


Procedure for setting up BOD test bottles: (a) with 

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP unseeded dilution water and (b) with seeded dilution 

27 

water.

BOD 

Example 2-8 

15 mL of the waste sample was added directly into a 300-mL BOD incubation 

bottle. The initial DO of the diluted sample was 8.8 mg/L and the final DO after 

5 days was 1.9 mg/L. The corresponding initial and final DO of the seeded 

dilution was 9.1 and 7.9, respectively. What is the 5-day BOD of the 

wastewater sample? 

MetCalf and Eddy Example 2-8 

Determination of BOD from laboratory data 


BOD 

• The rate of BOD oxidation (“exertion”) is modeled based on the assumption 

that the amount of organic material remaining at any time t is governed by a 

first-order kinetic reaction. 

dBOD 

dt 

BOD 

r 

r 

= −k 

1 

= UBOD 

BOD 

r 

−k1t 

( e 

) 

BOD 

t 

−k1t 

= UBOD( 1− 

e ) 


BOD 

Nitrification in the BOD test 


Definition sketch for the exertion of the carbonaceous and 

nitrogenous biochemical oxygen demand in a waste 

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP sample. 

30

Biological Constituents 

• Bacteria 

• Archaea 

• Fungi 

•Protozoa 

• Algae 

• Viruses 


Indicator Organisms 

• Total coliform bacteria 

• Fecal coliform bacteria 

• Klebsiella 

•E. coli 

• Bacteroides 

• Fecal streptococci 

• Enterococci 

• Clostridium perfringerns 

• P. aeruginosa and A. hydrophila 


Indicator Organisms 


Schematic illustration of the methods used to obtain bacterial counts: 

(a) Multiple tube fermentation technique using a liquid medium 


Toxicity Test 

• Acute toxicity: exposure that will result in significant response 

shortly after exposure (typically a response is observed within 48 

or 96 h) 

• Chronic toxicity: exposure that will result in sublethal response 

over a long term, often 1/10 of the life span or more 

http://sflabs.com/testing/images/Picture029_000.jpg000.jpg 

http://evodevo.uoregon.edu/ima 

ges/daphnia.gifgif 


Summary 

• Guri wastewater treatment plant 

• Wastewater characteristics 

- Physical characteristics 

- Inorganic characteristics 

- Organic characteristics 

- Biological characteristics

ACEE 434 Environmental Systems Design - Korea University

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