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1. Egyptian Economy
1.1. Introduction
Economic growth in Egypt has been held back by a severely limited amount of arable land
(less than 5% of the total area) as well as a large and rapidly growing population. After
1945, a large proportion of funds and energy were devoted to preparing the country for
regional warfare and later rebuilding . The country's industrial base increased considerably
in the 20th century, especially after 1952. The state owned much of the economy and
played a decisive role in its planning. However, in recent years Egypt has moved toward a
more decentralized, market-oriented economy, and there has been an increase in foreign
investments.
Table 1 - Government Ministries of Egypt
Administrative Development
Agriculture
Civil Aviation
Communication and Information Technology
Culture
Defense and Military Production
Economic Development
Education
Electricity and Energy
Environmental Affairs
Finance
Foreign Affairs
Foreign Trade and Industry
Health and Population
Higher Education and Scientific Research
Housing, Utilities, and Urban Communities
Information
Interior affairs
International Cooperation
Investment
Irrigation and Water Resources
Justice
Legal Affairs and Parliamentary Councils
Local Development
Manpower and Immigration
Military Production
Petroleum
Social Solidarity
Tourism
Transport
Waqfs (Endowments)
A series of International Monetary Fund arrangements, coupled with massive external debt
relief resulting from Egypt's participation in the Gulf War coalition, helped Egypt improve its
macroeconomic performance during the 1990s. Egypt joined the World Trade Organization
(WTO) in mid-1995 and has since become one of the most open and free markets in Africa
and the Middle East.
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THE RESEARCH AND INNOVATION SYSTEM IN EGYPT