rapid assessment of drinking-water quality in the republic of tajikistan

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Acronyms GBAO Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast JMP WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation RADWQ Rapid Assessment of Drinking-Water Quality RRS Rayons under direct Republican Subordination SES Sanitary Epidemiological Service UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund WHO World Health Organization x
Executive summary During 2004 and 2005 the Republic of Tajikistan and five other countries participated in a World Health Organization/United Nations Children’s Fund (WHO/UNICEF) pilot project to test a rapid, low-cost, field-based technique for assessing water quality. The project was named the Rapid Assessment of Drinking-Water Quality (RADWQ), and its purpose was to develop a tool that would help the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme monitor global access to safe drinking-water. The RADWQ methodology is based on the UNICEF Multiple Indicators Cluster Surveys and uses cluster sampling across a country to select individual drinking-water sources for testing. The number and types of parameters used to test the drinking-water sources will depend on the extent of the survey and on local potential health hazards. The output of a RADWQ survey is a snapshot of drinkingwater quality for each improved source tested. In Tajikistan, four field teams visited 1620 sample sites in 53 clusters over a period of six months (from October 2004 to April 2005). The samples were taken from four broad areas (Khatlon; Rayons under direct Republican Subordination (RRS) & Dushanbe; Sughd; and Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast), and from two improved water-supply technologies (utility piped supplies and protected springs). Using portable field kits, water samples were analysed for the following parameters: thermotolerant coliforms, faecal streptococci, pH, turbidity, residual chlorine, appearance, conductivity, arsenic, nitrate, fluoride and iron. In addition, samples were taken from 160 households (or ca. 10% of the total sample size), to analyse the deterioration of water quality during distribution and storage. The results of the RADWQ project in Tajikistan show that the microbiological and chemical quality of water sources is generally high. Of the 1620 sites tested, 87.2% complied with the WHO guideline value and the national standard for thermotolerant coliforms, with utility piped supplies showing slightly better compliance than protected springs (88.6% versus 82.0%). The RADWQ results do not match those coming out of national surveillance statistics for bacteriological parameters in 2003 and 2004, which found that only 69.0% and 66.5% of utility piped systems met the national standard, respectively. All sample sites in the broad areas visited were in compliance with WHO guideline value and national standards for arsenic and nitrate, regardless of technology type used at the site. The maximum concentrations of nitrate and arsenic measured were 22.8 mg/l and
Page 1: RAPID ASSESSMENT OF DRINKING-WATER
Page 4 and 5: WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publicat
Page 6 and 7: Annexes Annex 1. Rayon database of
Page 8 and 9: Foreword Among the infectious disea
Page 13 and 14: 1 Introduction 1.1 The WHO/UNICEF J
Page 15 and 16: Measuring gender disparities. Data
Page 17 and 18: Microbial parameters. This involves
Page 19 and 20: 2 Methods 2.1 Survey design The met
Page 21 and 22: Figure 2.2 Steps in the design of t
Page 23 and 24: Cluster size. Cluster sizes ranged
Page 25 and 26: Table 2.2 Country-specific survey d
Page 27 and 28: Throughout the field visits, field
Page 29 and 30: 3 Results 3.1 Microbiological param
Page 31 and 32: Faecal streptococci Faecal streptoc
Page 33 and 34: Water sources were tested for fluor
Page 35 and 36: Table 3.8 Compliance with the Tajik
Page 37 and 38: Table 3.11 Compliance with WHO sugg
Page 39 and 40: Table 3.13 Results of sanitary insp
Page 41 and 42: Faecal contamination (thermotoleran
Page 43 and 44: comparison was possible, 42.5% show
Page 45 and 46: Table 3.23 Compliance of household
Page 47 and 48: protecting the spring (37.7%). Sani
Page 49 and 50: quality. The Republican SES hopes t
Page 51 and 52: Annex 1. Rayon database of utility
Page 53 and 54: Rayon Water supply Working conditio
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Rayon Water supply Working conditio
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Annex 4. Primary stratification a S
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Rayons included in the RADWQ survey
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Annex 6. Example of a sampling plan
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Annex 7. Initial fieldwork plan Fie
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Annex 8. Example of a monthly progr
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Table 3. # Total number of analyses
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The following analyses are planned
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Remarks: The Sughd team is continui
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No. Description of expense Expense
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RADWQ Daily Report Sheet Chemical d
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rapid assessment of drinking-water quality in the republic of tajikistan

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