rapid assessment of drinking-water quality in the republic of tajikistan

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Figure 2.3 RADWQ sampling distribution in Tajikistan, by broad area a Sughd Clusters: 15 Utility piped supplies: 410 Protected springs: 46 Households: 45 RRS & Dushanbe Clusters: 15 Utility piped supplies: 506 Protected springs: 108 Households: 60 Khatlon Clusters: 16 Utility piped supplies: 346 Protected springs: 103 Households: 40 GBAO Clusters: 7 Utility piped supplies: 24 Protected springs: 63 Households: 15 a Source: RADWQ Team, Tajikistan. The designations do not imply any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization or the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area; or of their authorities; or concerning the delimitation of their frontiers or boundaries. GBAO = Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast. RRS = rayons under direct republican subordination. 12
Table 2.2 Country-specific survey design for Tajikistan a Step Method described in project handbook Survey design in Tajikistan Justification for variation from handbook method 1 Calculate sample size. (= 1600). In total, 1780 sampling points were included in the survey: 1620 from source waters and 160 from households. Because of rounding during secondary stratification, the sample size for source waters is 1606. This number increased to 1620, owing to a mistake in the sampling plan. 2 Primary stratification. Proportional weighting by technology type, based on % of population served. (Note: only technologies serving >5% of the population were included in the survey). 3 Secondary stratification. Proportional weighting by broad areas (based on the number of water supplies across the country). The study area covered the whole of the Republic of Tajikistan. Two technologies served more than 5% of the population, which were therefore selected in the primary stratification: utility piped supplies (1286 sample points); protected springs (320 sample points). Broad areas correspond to oblast administrative areas. Four broad areas were selected (see also): RRS & Dushanbe : 253 utility piped supplies and 108 protected springs; Khatlon: 173 utility piped supplies and 103 protected springs; Sughd: 205 utility piped supplies and 46 protected springs; GBAO: 12 utility piped supplies and 63 protected springs. To achieve the required number of sample points in utility piped supplies: the zone size was reduced from 5000 to 2500 people per zone; a repeat sampling approach was adopted (i.e. 643 sampling points were selected, but each point was tested/inspected twice). 4 Define clusters (size and number). Based on supplies that can be visited in one week by one team (cluster size). 5 Define and select sampling units. These are the areas from which clusters are selected by proportional weighting. 6 Select clusters and individual water supplies. These are the supplies that will be assessed for water quality. In total, 53 clusters were identified. As the 30 clusters for utility piped supplies were visited twice, this resulted in 83 team-weeks or 21 project-weeks with 4 teams. The clusters in the broad areas were defined as follows (cluster size, number of clusters): Dushanbe and RRS: utility piped supplies (30, 9); protected spring (20, 6). Khatlon: utility piped supplies (20, 9); protected spring (15, 7). Sughd: utility piped supplies (20, 11); protected springs (15, 4); GBAO: utility piped supplies (12, 1); protected springs (12, 6). Rayons were used as the sampling units for the third administrative level. The results of proportional weighting are given in Annex 4. Sampling plans were prepared for the field teams (e.g. Annex 6). They provided details on the rayons from which clusters or supplies were to be selected, and on the water supply scheme numbers to be assigned. Selection of individual supplies/sample points was undertaken by the field teams, after seeking advice from the local authorities or population. Cluster sizes were selected for each technology and broad area, to adequately reflect local conditions (such as accessibility, road and weather conditions). a GBAO = Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast. RRS = rayons under direct republican subordination. 13
Page 1: RAPID ASSESSMENT OF DRINKING-WATER
Page 4 and 5: WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publicat
Page 6 and 7: Annexes Annex 1. Rayon database of
Page 8 and 9: Foreword Among the infectious disea
Page 10 and 11: Acronyms GBAO Gorno-Badakhshan Auto
Page 13 and 14: 1 Introduction 1.1 The WHO/UNICEF J
Page 15 and 16: Measuring gender disparities. Data
Page 17 and 18: Microbial parameters. This involves
Page 19 and 20: 2 Methods 2.1 Survey design The met
Page 21 and 22: Figure 2.2 Steps in the design of t
Page 23: Cluster size. Cluster sizes ranged
Page 27 and 28: Throughout the field visits, field
Page 29 and 30: 3 Results 3.1 Microbiological param
Page 31 and 32: Faecal streptococci Faecal streptoc
Page 33 and 34: Water sources were tested for fluor
Page 35 and 36: Table 3.8 Compliance with the Tajik
Page 37 and 38: Table 3.11 Compliance with WHO sugg
Page 39 and 40: Table 3.13 Results of sanitary insp
Page 41 and 42: Faecal contamination (thermotoleran
Page 43 and 44: comparison was possible, 42.5% show
Page 45 and 46: Table 3.23 Compliance of household
Page 47 and 48: protecting the spring (37.7%). Sani
Page 49 and 50: quality. The Republican SES hopes t
Page 51 and 52: Annex 1. Rayon database of utility
Page 53 and 54: Rayon Water supply Working conditio
Page 63 and 64: Annex 4. Primary stratification a S
Page 65 and 66: Rayons included in the RADWQ survey
Page 67 and 68: Annex 6. Example of a sampling plan
Page 69 and 70: Annex 7. Initial fieldwork plan Fie
Page 71 and 72: Annex 8. Example of a monthly progr
Page 73 and 74: Table 3. # Total number of analyses
Page 75 and 76:
The following analyses are planned
Page 77 and 78:
Remarks: The Sughd team is continui
Page 79 and 80:
No. Description of expense Expense
Page 81 and 82:
RADWQ Daily Report Sheet Chemical d
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rapid assessment of drinking-water quality in the republic of tajikistan

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