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54 First written work in Euskara, by Bernat DʼEtxepare. Gabriel Aresti. Bernardo Atxaga. Early written literature While Euskara has a rich oral tradition, examples of written work earlier than the sixteenth century are rare. One example is the manuscript written between 1564 and 1567 by Araba-born noble, Joan Pérez de Lazarraga, which contains several verses, epic poem-songs known as cantares, poems of unrequited love, pastoral stories, a long mythological tale, and descriptions of Agurain. In 1545 Bernat DʼEtchepare “Etxepare” had a book of verses published in Bordeaux called Linguae vasconum primitiae, and in 1560 Joannes Leizarraga translated the New Testament. Two authors stand out in the eighteenth century, “Axular” whose only work was titled Gero, and more importantly, Arnaud Oihenart (Maule,1592) who, in addition to politics, was knowledgeable in history, poetry and literature. One of the few secular authors of Basque literature, he was also the first to have a greater consciousness of Euskal Herria as a whole. His most extensive work was Notitia utriusque vasconiae (1638). He also wrote high poetry (Oʼten gaztaroa neurtitzetan, among others). In the eighteenth century Manuel Larramendi (Andoain 1690) wrote a number of works including El imposible vencido: arte de la lengua bascongada, considered to be the first Basque grammar. Juan Antonio Mogel (Eibar, 1745) published Peru Abarca, more a tale than a novel. At the end of the eighteenth century the illustrious Conde de Peñaflorida also wrote some manuscripts in Euskara. In 1898 Txomin Agirre wrote the first novel written in Euskara entitled Auñamendiko Lorea. Twentieth-century poetry The most prevalent themes in early twentieth-century poetry are the farmstead and patriotism. The thirties produced several great poets, and poetry grew more enlightened and universal. José Ariztimuño “Aitzol” (Tolosa, 1896-1936) became leader in 1930 of Euskaltzaleak, an association of people with a strong Basque sentiment that laid the foundations for what would later become the so-called Basque Renaissance. He was shot to death by the Franco regime. Jose Mari Agirre, “Lizardi”, (Zarautz, 1896-1933) took poetry to its highest level with work that was both cultured and popular. Esteban Urkiaga “Lauaxeta” (Laukiz, 1905-1937) was one of the great poets, his main sources of inspiration being romanticism and symbolism. His poetry was scholarly, complex and appreciated by a minority. He was also shot to death by Franco. Nikolas Ormaetxea, “Orixe” (Orexa, 1888-1961), was a man of great erudition, and one of the most representative writers in the classicist style. The post-war period was marked by Jon Mirande (1925-1972), a neo-romantic heterodox whose thinking was as desperate as it was fascist and racist; Gabriel Aresti (Bilbao 1933-1975), who had a decisive impact on the new directions taken by Basque poetry, and who shifted from symbolism with Maldan Behera (Downward Slope) to socially-committed poetry with his 1964 Harri eta herri (Stone and Country). Arestiʼs work left an indelible mark on Xabier Lete, Ibon Sarasola, Bernardo Atxaga, and Joseba Sarrionaindía (of the Pott group), transvanguard poet and narrator now in exile. In the 1970s, along with socially-committed and militant poetry, are poets who cultivated symbolism, such as Juan Mari Lekuona, Bitoriano Gandiaga and Arantxa Urretabizkaia. The modern novel Martín de Ugalde (1921-2004), a writer representative of Basque authors in exile, wrote stories and novels in Euskara and Spanish, as well as the non-fiction Síntesis de Historia del País Vasco (1974). In 2002 he received the Universal Basque Award. He was later taken to court for presiding over the Euskara newspaper Egunkaria, closed by court order in 2003, although the case was later dismissed. But perhaps the most influential writers were linguist José Luis Alvarez Enparantza, commonly known as “Txillardegi”. He helped usher in the modern novel, characteristic of younger, urban university educated authors familiar with the European novel, and who explored a variety of literary genres (suspense, historical, autobiographical, etc.). Another example is Ramón Saizarbitoria (1969), who sought to renew narrative techniques by placing importance on style itself. The 1990s were a golden decade for the Basque novel. Many works were published, showing an increasing degree of originality. Among the varied titles, the following deserve to be highlighted: • Bernardo Atxaga: Obabakoak (1988) and Soinujolearen semea (The Son of the Accordianist, 2004). • Anjel Lertxundi: Otto Pette (1995), Azkenaz beste (An Ending for Nora, 1996) and Argizariaren eguna (Days of Wax, 2001). • Ramón Saizarbitoria: Hamaika pauso (1995) and Bihotz bi (1996), Gorde nazazu lurpean (2000). • Arantza Urretabizkaia: Zergaitik pampox (1979) and Koaderno gorria (1998). • Koldo Izagirre: poet who has created works such as Itxaso ahantzia (The forgotten sea, 1976) and narrator in Sua hahi, Mr Churchill, 2005). • María Asun Landa: Galtzerdi suizida (The suicidal sock) among other stories; winner of the National Prize for Childrenʼs Literature in 2003 with Krokodilo ohe azpian (A crocodile under the bed).
In addition to the above writers are Juan Mari Irigoien, Jean Louis Davant, Juan Kruz Igerabide, Inazio Mujika, Joxemari Iturralde, Gotzon Garate, Hasier Etxebarria, Txomin Peillen, Laura Mintegi and Patxi Zabaleta. More recently, a new generation of multi-faceted writers has come on the scene with new narrative sensibilities (Iban Zaldua, Pako Aristi, Aingeru Epaltza, Juan Garzia, Lourdes Oñederra, Unai Elorriaga) or poetic sensibilities (Felipe Juaristi, Tere Irastorza, Harkaitz Cano, Karlos Linazasoro, Kirmen Uribe, and Yolanda Arrieta). 55 7.2.2. Basque literature in erdara (Spanish or French) A significant part of Basque literature in Spanish has found its way to us through history in Spanish or French literature. Early literature Early Basque literature in Spanish and French barely exists, with the exception of the epic poem La Araucana by the nobleman and Bermeo native, Alonso de Ercilla. Queen Marguerite of Navarre (1492-1549) wrote an interesting volume in French with more than two hundred stories and tales about love affairs and sexual entanglements, Heptamerón, inspired by Bocaccioʼs Decameron. Basque literature began to take off in the late eighteenth century with the work of the multi-faceted Basque scholars, the Caballeritos de Azkoitia, a self-assumed derogatory yet humorous name taken on as a mark of identity by Xabier de Munibe, the Count of Peñaflorida –who wrote some bilingual plays, music and poems– the Marquis of Narros and Manuel de Altuna. They were more essayists than creators of literature. It was Felix de Samaniego (1745-1801), the nephew of the Conde de Peñaflorida, who stood out with his famous moralising –and a few erotic– fables. Joseph Agustin Xaho (Chaho), born in Atharratze-Tardets, (1810-1858) was a journalist, historian and philologist, romantic writer, conspirator and adventurer. He was a forerunner to the motto “Zazpiak-Bat” (Seven-One), which represents the seven Basque territories in one, and created of the myth of Aitor as the origin of the Basques. He also wrote Histoire primitive des Euskariens and a few some novels. Portrait of Miguel de Unamuno. In the nineteenth century, literature about local customs proliferated. It was not until the late-nineteenth, early twentieth century before the emergence of important figures in universal literature. The twentieth century The Basque Book and Record Fair is held every in December in Durango, Bizkaia. Bottom: Author Toti Martínez de Lecea signing her books. Born in Bilbao, Miguel de Unamuno (1864-1936) was an innovative author of poems, essays and novels (Mist, Aunt Tula). An internationallyrecognised philosopher, he was a leader of the Generation of 1898 (Tragic Sense of Life, The Agony of Christianity, The life of Don Quijote and Sancho...), as well as a columnist and polemicist.
Page 1 and 2:
culture sport inmigration society T
Page 3 and 4:
culture society sport inmigration p
Page 5 and 6: 7. THE ARTS IN EUSKAL HERRIA 7.1. V
Page 7: Terms used Euskal Herria, also know
Page 10 and 11: 8 Traditional Basque farmhouse. 1.
Page 12 and 13: 10 Santimamiñe cave, Bizkaia. Roma
Page 14 and 15: 12 The second Carlist War was fough
Page 16 and 17: 14 After more than 40 years since t
Page 18 and 19: 16 3.1.1. Factors for social change
Page 20 and 21: 18 In 2001, out of the two million
Page 22 and 23: 20 3.3. Social participation There
Page 24 and 25: 22 3.3.4. Non-governmental organisa
Page 26 and 27: 24 The makila (rulerʼs staff) is t
Page 28 and 29: 26 The traditional biltzar system,
Page 30 and 31: 28 Over the coming years, a large p
Page 32 and 33: 30 Basque Parliament. Vitoria-Gaste
Page 34 and 35: 32 Today, however, Iparralde is und
Page 36 and 37: 34 The 1970s economic crisis saw th
Page 38 and 39: 36 5.2.2. Trends in welfare and inc
Page 40 and 41: 38 5.3. The economies of Navarre an
Page 43 and 44: Part two Culture Basque culture tod
Page 45 and 46: Each Basque territory holds its own
Page 47 and 48: 6.2.3 Historical difficulties Histo
Page 49 and 50: 7. THE ARTS For the purposes of thi
Page 51 and 52: 7.1.3. Architecture 49 Architecture
Page 53 and 54: The nineteenth and twentieth centur
Page 55: 7.2 Basque literature Basque litera
Page 59 and 60: 7.3. Performing arts 7.3.1. Theatre
Page 61 and 62: Contemporary popular music The emer
Page 63 and 64: 7.4. Digital culture and multimedia
Page 65 and 66: Museo de Navarra. The Museum of Nav
Page 67 and 68: 8.2.1. Music and media libraries 65
Page 69 and 70: There are two private universities
Page 71 and 72: 8.6. The media The mass media in Eu
Page 73 and 74: In addition to music, some radio st
Page 75 and 76: 8.7.2. Historical figures This sect
Page 77 and 78: Jose Antonio Aguirre y Lecube (Bilb
Page 79 and 80: 8.9. Traditional and popular cultur
Page 81 and 82: Gastronomy The quality of Basque cu
Page 83 and 84: There are a lot of places to visit
Page 85 and 86: • Post-Compulsory Secundary Educa
Page 87 and 88: 9.2. Other resources in the Basque
Page 89 and 90: 9.4. Addresses of government instit
Page 91 and 92: Sources and bibliography Official r
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