The Basque Country (pdf, 4,3Mb) - Kultura Saila - Euskadi.net
The Basque Country (pdf, 4,3Mb) - Kultura Saila - Euskadi.net
The Basque Country (pdf, 4,3Mb) - Kultura Saila - Euskadi.net
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In addition to music, some radio stations broadcast information<br />
related to immigration: Radio Tropical and Radio Candela, among<br />
others. <strong>The</strong> stations that broadcast in Iparralde are Xiberoko<br />
Botza (Maule), Irulegiko Irratia and Gure Irratia (Baiona).<br />
In television, Spanish stations, both private (Tele5, Antena3, Canal+)<br />
and public (TVE channels 1 and 2) capture around 75% of the audience.<br />
According to CIES, the station with the highest overall audience<br />
average in 2006 was Tele 5 (720,000), followed by ETB 2 (625,000).<br />
ETB1, which broadcasts in Euskara, had an overall audience average<br />
of 186,000. Local or regional television stations include Tele Bilbao,<br />
Canal Bizkaia, Bilbovisión, Tele Donosti, Localia, Canal Gasteiz and<br />
Goiena, accounting for a total audience of 185,000. Canal 4 and Canal<br />
6 are private channels licensed to broadcast TDT in Navarre. <strong>The</strong>re<br />
is also a cable <strong>net</strong>work offered by the <strong>Basque</strong> telecommunications<br />
operator Euskaltel. In 2006 an estimated 48.5% of the population over<br />
the age of 14 had access to the Inter<strong>net</strong>.<br />
In Navarre overall television audiences for 2006 – according<br />
to the CIES survey – were as follows: Tele 5, 191,000; TVE 1,<br />
169,000; Antena 3, 181,000; ETB 2, 83,000; TVE channel 2,<br />
40,000; Canal 6, 25,000; Canal 4, 30,000; ETB 1, 27,000; Cuatro,<br />
40,000; Canal +, 13,000. <strong>The</strong> two TVE channels were the leaders<br />
(209,000), followed by the Spain-wide private stations. <strong>The</strong><br />
two ETB channels (public television broadcast from a different<br />
autonomous community) accounted for a viewership of 112,000<br />
and together are the fourth in overall viewer audience, significantly<br />
ahead of the privately-own Navarre stations.<br />
8.6.5. Euskara and communication<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Basque</strong> language is present, although not widespread, in<br />
the written press (3% of daily distribution comes from Berria and<br />
local inserts). Around 10% of radio broadcasting in <strong>Euskadi</strong> is<br />
in Euskara, with an overall audience of some 200,000 listeners.<br />
Few radio stations broadcast in <strong>Basque</strong> (<strong>Euskadi</strong> Irratia, <strong>Euskadi</strong><br />
Gaztea for younger audiences –both part of the EITB <strong>net</strong>work–<br />
and other small private stations –Herri Irratia, Bizkaia Irratia– and<br />
community radio). <strong>The</strong> presence of Euskara among privatelyowned<br />
FM stations is virtually non-existent.<br />
As for television, apart from a few local TV stations (Goiena, etc.),<br />
only ETB 1 broadcasts in <strong>Basque</strong>, capturing approximately 6-7%<br />
of the total television audience.<br />
<strong>The</strong> presence of Euskara in the media is much more limited than<br />
the actual use of the language in society. It is discriminated against<br />
in the market since media organisations prefer using Spanish, a<br />
language that is understood by everyone. However, Euskara has<br />
a greater presence in a number of local magazines and television<br />
stations. To help balance the situation, the new decree on local<br />
Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) promotes the use of Euskara<br />
by establishing a policy of quotas and channels.<br />
8.7. Essayists, scientists and historical<br />
figures<br />
<strong>The</strong>re are a number of <strong>Basque</strong>s who have had an impact on culture<br />
even beyond the borders of Euskal Herria.<br />
8.7.1. Essayists and scientists<br />
Martín de Azpilicueta (Barasoain, 1492-1586). Dominican from an<br />
“Agramontes” family in the Baztan Valley, and known as Doctor Navarrus,<br />
was one of the most important intellectuals of his time. Advisor to King<br />
Philip II, he was a moralist (defended the legality of obtaining loans with<br />
interest), jurist and economist, and uncle to Francisco Xabier.<br />
Esteban de Garibay, born in Arrasate in 1566, made an early<br />
and very important contribution to historical writing with his<br />
Compendio historial de España. But it was in Navarre where some<br />
of the most outstanding studies on early history were conducted.<br />
Prince Charles of Viana himself researched the history of the<br />
Navarrese monarchy, as did Pedro de Agramont and José de<br />
Moret (seventeenth century) with their Anales del Reyno de<br />
Navarra. Juan Huarte de San Juan wrote Examen de ingenios, a<br />
treatise on practical psychology.<br />
Brothers Fausto and Juan José Elhuyar were mineralogists in the<br />
eighteenth century. <strong>The</strong> former served as general superintendent of<br />
mines in Mexico and later as minister for the Spanish government,<br />
and the latter was the first to isolate tungsten, or wolfram, and<br />
study the treatment of mercury, silver and platinum.<br />
<strong>The</strong> distinguished José Agustín Ibáñez de la Rentería (Bilbao<br />
1750-Lekeitio, 1826) was a strong proponent of constitutionalism,<br />
the separation of political powers, and the ideas of citizenship,<br />
a limited state, and municipal liberties. He was the author of<br />
Discursos y Memorial histórico (1798), the story of his experience<br />
in the war against the French.<br />
Even before Nicolás de Arriquivar, the well-known economist<br />
from Bilbao, Navarre-born economist Jerónimo de Ustariz had<br />
made a name for himself with his Teoría y práctica de Comercio<br />
y Marina. Pascual Madoz (Pamplona, 1806-Genoa, 1870),<br />
geographer, liberal politician and architect of the so-called<br />
“disentailment of Madoz”, published a very meticulous work in<br />
16 volumes called Diccionario geográfico de España.<br />
Santiago Ramón y Cajal was born in 1852 in Petilla de Aragón,<br />
a Navarrese enclave in Aragon, and died in Madrid in 1934. He<br />
was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1906 for his work<br />
in histology.<br />
71<br />
Santiago Ramón y Cajal, 1906 Nobel<br />
Prize Laureate in Medicine, giving a<br />
class.<br />
Joxe Miguel de Barandiaran (centre)<br />
at the entrance of one of his<br />
excavations.<br />
Portrait of Julio Caro Baroja.