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L Defining relative clauses Defining relative clauses tell us some essential information about the things or people they refer to: The picture that hangs nefr to Margaret's portrait is the one I liLee best. If we remove the words that hangs next to Margaret's portait we don't know which picture Jasper is talking about. Defining relative clauses: . may begin with the relative pronouns uho (for people), which (for things) , that (for things and people). I may have who, which or that as the subject or object of the relative clause: ... the picture which / th@t hangs next to Margaret's portait ... (which/ that is the subiect of the relative clause) ... the woman who / that he mamied ... (who /that is the obiect of the relative clause, and he is the subject) t very often omit the relative pronoun when it is the object of the relative clause: The painting we're looking at now ... or The painting which / that we're looleing et now ... a are never separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. i are used in writing and speaking. 2 Non-defininEl relative clauses Non-defining relative clauses tell us some extra information about the things or people they refer to: The next painting shows Edmund's wife Margaret, who he manieil in 1605. If we remove the words who he married in 'L605, we still know who jasper is talking about. It is Edmund's wife, Margaret. Non-defining relative clauses: c always begin with the relative pronouns who (for people) andwhich (for things). i may have who or which @ut never that) as the subject or object of the relative clause: The building, whi.ch is uery old, costs a lot of money to repair. (not t@d) The castle's owner, who we'ue just seen, enj oys meeting uisitor s. (not tWte jas+seeft) t never omit the relative pronoun. a must be separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. a are more common in writing than in speaking. A We always omit the object pronoun (her, him, it, etc.) when we make a relative clause: We know little about the woman that he manieil. (not th*woman*a+4r m#ried+er) The next painting shows Edmund's wife Margaret, who he mamieil in 1605. (not@ 201,
23 3 Relative pronouns and prepositions Both defining and non-defining relative clauses: . can begin wtth whose (instead of his /her / their), when (for times) and where (for places): William, whose uife lane was afa.mousbeauty, had nine children. Here they are in this picture from the year when the youngest was born. This has been my family home, where we'ue liuedfor oaer four lunilreil yeats, since the time of Edmund Claremont. o can begin wtth whom (for people) as the object of a clause (this is mairily in written English, and is increasingly rare): His girlfriend, uhom he neglected, became uery depressed. r usually have any prepositions at the end of the clause: It's the one which he was captain of during a famous naual victory. The girl he fell in loue with was extemely tall. Peter, who my father used to worLe with, has become a gouernment minister. r in formal English, sometimes have a preposition at the beginning of the clause, followed by which (for things) or whom (for people): It's the one of uhichhe was captain during afamous naual victory. The girl with uhom he fell in loue w&s extren"Lely tall. Peter, with whom my father used to wor'le, has become a gouerrunent minister. A We cannot lse that after a preposition in a relative clause: The Conference Roorn, in which the meeting was held, was not really big enough. (not@ A A defining relative clause can: o begin vmth why, after the words the reason: This uictory was the reason uhy he became a national hero. e omit wlry and when: That was the reason we went there. (= That was the reason uhy we went there.) I remember the day I met you. (= I remember the day when I met you.) 202
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