Topical tacrolimus in atopic dermatitis: Effects of ... - Helda - Helsinki.fi
Topical tacrolimus in atopic dermatitis: Effects of ... - Helda - Helsinki.fi
Topical tacrolimus in atopic dermatitis: Effects of ... - Helda - Helsinki.fi
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TABLE OF CONTENTS<br />
LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS .................................................................................. 7�<br />
ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................................... 8�<br />
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................. 9�<br />
INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 11�<br />
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE......................................................................................... 12�<br />
Atopic <strong>dermatitis</strong>...............................................................................................................12�<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ical features .......................................................................................................... 12�<br />
Diagnosis and differential diagnosis........................................................................... 12�<br />
Etiology and pathogenesis <strong>of</strong> <strong>atopic</strong> <strong>dermatitis</strong> .......................................................... 13�<br />
Genetics .............................................................................................................. 13�<br />
Sk<strong>in</strong> barrier function........................................................................................... 14�<br />
Pathophysiology <strong>of</strong> AD ...................................................................................... 15�<br />
Microbes and <strong>atopic</strong> <strong>dermatitis</strong>........................................................................... 16�<br />
Allergic vs. nonallergic <strong>atopic</strong> <strong>dermatitis</strong>........................................................... 17�<br />
Prognosis and risk factors........................................................................................... 18�<br />
Atopy-related diseases <strong>in</strong> <strong>atopic</strong> <strong>dermatitis</strong> patients...................................................... 19�<br />
Asthma and allergic rh<strong>in</strong>itis........................................................................................ 19�<br />
Bronchial hyper-responsiveness and eos<strong>in</strong>ophilic airway <strong>in</strong>flammation ........... 21�<br />
“Atopic march”........................................................................................................... 21�<br />
Atopic blepharoconjunctivitis..................................................................................... 22�<br />
Conventional treatment <strong>of</strong> <strong>atopic</strong> <strong>dermatitis</strong>.................................................................. 23�<br />
<strong>Topical</strong> corticosteroids................................................................................................ 23�<br />
Secondary treatments.................................................................................................. 24�<br />
UV-treatments .................................................................................................... 24�<br />
Antihistam<strong>in</strong>es.................................................................................................... 25�<br />
Systemic glucocorticosteroids ............................................................................ 25�<br />
Ciclospor<strong>in</strong> ......................................................................................................... 25�<br />
Azathiopr<strong>in</strong>e and methotrexate........................................................................... 26�<br />
Others ................................................................................................................. 26�<br />
<strong>Topical</strong> calc<strong>in</strong>eur<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>hibitors.......................................................................................... 27�<br />
Tacrolimus o<strong>in</strong>tment – Precl<strong>in</strong>ical studies.................................................................. 27�<br />
Tacrolimus o<strong>in</strong>tment - Cl<strong>in</strong>ical studies....................................................................... 28�<br />
Ef<strong>fi</strong>cacy............................................................................................................... 28�<br />
Safety.................................................................................................................. 29�<br />
Tacrolimus o<strong>in</strong>tment - Monotherapy and ma<strong>in</strong>tenance therapy ................................. 30�<br />
Pimecrolimus cream ................................................................................................... 30�<br />
Evidence-based treatment <strong>of</strong> AD..................................................................................... 31�<br />
Speci<strong>fi</strong>c issues related to treatment <strong>of</strong> <strong>atopic</strong> <strong>dermatitis</strong> ............................................... 33�
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