Mohnen, P., R&D externalities and productivity growth, OECD, STI Review, No. 18, 1996 Nadiri, M.I., <strong>Innovation</strong>s and Technological Spillovers, NBER Working Paper No. 4423, Cambridge Mass., <strong>National</strong> Bureau of Economic Research, August, 1993 <strong>National</strong> Science Indicator database, <strong>2003</strong> Nelson, R., What is Public and Private about Technology, Working Paper No. 90–9, Columbia University, 1990 Nicoletti, G., Scarpetta, S. and Boyland, O., Summary of Indicators of Product Market Regulation with an Extension to Employment Protection Legislation, OECD, Economics Department, Working Paper, No. 226, Paris, 2000 Norgren, L., Innovative activities in firms – Sources of knowledge, protection of innovations and government policies, NUTEK, Stockholm, 1995 North, D. and Thomas, R., <strong>The</strong> Rise of the Western World – A New Economic History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1973 NUTEK Working paper, De tekniska kompetensföretagens roll i näringslivets teknologi- och produktutveckling – teknologiska resurser och kundrelationer i tekniska konsultföretag, FoU-bolag och partihandelsföretag 1985–1992, Stockholm, September 1995 Nybom, T., Bernalism och forskningsorganisation, in Daedalus, 1986 Nybom, T., Kunskap, politik, samhälle: Essäer om kunskapssyn, universitet och forskningspolitik 1990-2000, Hjalmar & Jörgen Bokförlag, Stockholm, 1997 Nås, S.O., Formal competencies in the innovation systems of the Nordic countries: An analysis based on register data, STEP Report R-06 1998, Oslo, 1998 Nås, S.O., Sandven, T., Eriksson, T., Andersson, J., Tegsjö, B., Lehtoranta, O. and Virtaharju, M., High-Tech Spin-Offs in the Nordic Countries, STEP Report 22–<strong>2003</strong>, SINTEF, Oslo, 2004 OECD databases (Available at www.sourceoecd.org), <strong>2003</strong> AFA (Activities of foreign affiliates database) ANBERD (Analytical business enterprise research and development database) MEI (Main economic indicators database) MSTI (Main science and technology indicators database) STAN (Structural analysis database) Telecommunications database OECD, Economic Surveys, Sweden, Paris, February 2004 OECD, Education at a glance <strong>2003</strong>, Paris, <strong>2003</strong> OECD, Globalisation of Industry – Overview and sector reports, Paris, 1996 OECD, Links between policy and growth: cross-country evidence, OECD Economic Outlook No. 68, Paris, 2000 OECD, <strong>National</strong> innovation systems: Analytical findings, DSTI/STP/ TIP(98)6, Paris, June 1998 OECD, Public support to industry, Paris, 1996 OECD, Science Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2001, Paris, 2001 OECD, Science Technology and Industry Scoreboard <strong>2003</strong>, Paris, <strong>2003</strong> OECD, Special Issue of New Science and Technology Indicators, STI Review No. 27, Paris, 2002 OECD, Tax incentives for Research and Development, Trends and Issues, OECD DSTI/IND/STP(2002)1/REV1, Paris, 2002 OECD, Tax incentives for Research and Development, Trends and Issues, OECD DSTI/IND/STP(2002)1/REV1, Paris, 2002 OECD, Technology, Productivity and Job Creation, Paris, 1998 OECD, <strong>The</strong> Sources of Economic Growth, Paris, <strong>2003</strong> Olofsson, C. and Wahlbin, C., Firms started by university researchers in Sweden – roots, roles, relations, and growth patterns, in Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson, Houston, 1993 Persson, O., Scientific articles from the <strong>Swedish</strong> companies, unpublished special study for VINNOVA, January 2004 Rosegger, J., <strong>The</strong> <strong>The</strong>ory of Economic Development, Oxford, 1985 Rosenberg, N., Exploring the black box – Technology, economics and history, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1994 Rosenberg, N., Inside the black box – Technology, economics and history, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1994 Rosenberg, N. and Birdzell, L., How the West Grew Rich – <strong>The</strong> Economic Transformation of the Industrial World, Basic Books, New York, 1986 Sandgren, P., Skattestimulans eller skattesubvention Till frågan om den svenska förändringen om särskilt forskningsavdrag vid taxering till statlig inkomstskatt (1973:421) under perioden 1973-1984, unpublished, VINNOVA Scarpetta, S., Hemmings, P., Tressel, T. and Woo, J., <strong>The</strong> role of policy and institutions for productivity and firm dynamics: evidence from micro and industry data, OECD, Economics Department Working Papers, No. 329, Paris, 2002 Schumpeter, J., <strong>The</strong> <strong>The</strong>ory of Economic Development, Cambridge Mass., Harvard University Press, 1934 SOU 1998:94, Johansson, M., Förslagskatalog – Småföretagardelegationens rapport 7, Stockholm, 1998 SOU <strong>2003</strong>:90, Gidlund, J.E. et al., Innovativa processer, Stockholm, <strong>2003</strong> SOU <strong>2003</strong>:57, Lundberg, A. and Murray, R., Alternativ finansiering av offentliga tjänster, Appendix 7 to Långtidsutredningen (Long-term investigation), Stockholm, <strong>2003</strong> Statistics Sweden, Official statistics, <strong>2003</strong> (Available at www.scb.se) Stenberg, L., Gustafsson, E., Marklund, G., Use of human resource data for analysis of the structure and dynamics of the <strong>Swedish</strong> innovation system, Research evaluation, vol. 6, No. 2, August 1996 Stokes, D.E., Pasteur’s Quadrant – Basic Research and Technological <strong>Innovation</strong>, Washington, 1997 Sundin, B., Ingenjörsvetenskapens tidevarv: Ingenjörsvetenskapsakademin, Pappersmassekontoret, Metallografiska institutet och den teknologiska forskningen i början av 1900-talet, Acta universitatis umensis 42, Umeå, 1981 Sörlin, S. and Törnqvist, G., Kunskap för välstånd – Universiteten och omvandlingen av Sverige, SNS, Stockholm, 2000 Technopolis and INNO, Benchmarking Technology R&D, draft version of forthcoming study for VINNOVA, Brighton and Stockholm, February 2004 Tellis, G., Stremersch, S. and Yin, E., <strong>The</strong> International Takeoff of New Products: <strong>The</strong> Role of Economic, Culture and Country Innovativeness, Marketing Science Institute, Cambridge, 2002 Wall Street Journal & Heritage <strong>2003</strong>, Index of Economic Freedom Rankings 1995–<strong>2003</strong>, <strong>2003</strong> (Available at www.heritage.org) 62 THE SWEDISH NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM <strong>1970</strong>–<strong>2003</strong>
Williamson, O., <strong>The</strong> Economic Institutions of Capitalism, Free Press, New York, 1985 Wolff, E.N., Spillovers, Linkages and Technical Change, Economic <strong>System</strong>s Research 9, pp. 9–2, 1997 VINNOVA, Nationellt Inkubatorprogram, VINNOVA Policy VP 2002:2, Stockholm, 2002 Von Hippel, E., <strong>The</strong> Dominant Role of Users in the Scientific Instrument <strong>Innovation</strong> Process, Research Policy, Vol. 5, No. 3, July 1976 Von Hippel, E., <strong>The</strong> Dominant Role of the User in Semiconductor and Electronic Subassembly Process <strong>Innovation</strong>, IEEE Transaction on Engineering Management, Vol. EM-24, No. 2, 1977 THE SWEDISH NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM <strong>1970</strong>–<strong>2003</strong> 63