Scleractinian Coral diversity in Kepulauan Sembilan, Perak
Scleractinian Coral diversity in Kepulauan Sembilan, Perak
Scleractinian Coral diversity in Kepulauan Sembilan, Perak
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<strong>Scleract<strong>in</strong>ian</strong> <strong>Coral</strong> <strong>diversity</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>Kepulauan</strong> <strong>Sembilan</strong>, <strong>Perak</strong><br />
Lau C.M. 1 , Affendi Y.A. 1 , Jillian Ooi 2 , Yuen Y.S. 3 , Yusuf Y. 4<br />
1<br />
Institute of Biological Sciences, Universiti Malaya<br />
2<br />
Department of Geography, Universiti Malaya<br />
3<br />
Institute of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Universiti Malaya<br />
4<br />
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
N<br />
P. Pangkor<br />
Lumut<br />
PERAK<br />
<strong>Kepulauan</strong><br />
<strong>Sembilan</strong><br />
Sungai <strong>Perak</strong><br />
10.6 km
N<br />
Day 1 (12 May 2012)<br />
Day 2 (13 May 2012)<br />
<strong>Kepulauan</strong><br />
<strong>Sembilan</strong><br />
Day 3 (14 May 2012)<br />
3053 m
(Photos: Affendi YA)<br />
SCUBA<br />
Div<strong>in</strong>g<br />
•4 divers<br />
•free swimm<strong>in</strong>g observation<br />
•50 – 60 m<strong>in</strong>utes; 6 - 23 m<br />
<strong>Coral</strong><br />
Identification<br />
•Identified <strong>in</strong> situ, if possible<br />
•Photo & samples taken for identification<br />
us<strong>in</strong>g Veron & Stafford-Smith (2000)<br />
(Photos: Affendi YA)<br />
Live coral<br />
cover<br />
•Visual estimation, %<br />
Rapid<br />
Assessment<br />
• Spot for <strong>in</strong>dicators,<br />
diseases, bleach<strong>in</strong>g, stress
P. Agas (NW)<br />
Site description:<br />
• Turbid water; low visibility ~ 4 m<br />
• Max depth ~ 11.3 m; Average ~ 6.4 m<br />
• Live coral cover ~ 40%, mostly encrust<strong>in</strong>g<br />
growth form<br />
• High number of sea urch<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>Coral</strong> genera:<br />
• Acropora*<br />
• Diploastrea*<br />
• Ech<strong>in</strong>ophyllia<br />
• Favia<br />
• Favites<br />
• Fungia<br />
• Goniastrea<br />
• Goniopora<br />
• Pavona<br />
• Pocillopora*<br />
• Porites*<br />
• Symphyllia*<br />
• Turb<strong>in</strong>aria*<br />
• Tubastrea*<br />
(Photo: Lau CM) (Photo: Lau CM) (Photo: Lau CM)
(Photo: Affendi YA)<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Affendi YA)<br />
(Photo: Affendi YA)
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
• Disease<br />
• Bleach<strong>in</strong>g<br />
• Sedimentation<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)
Site description:<br />
P. Nipis (SE)<br />
• Turbid water; low visibility ~ 4 m<br />
• Max depth ~ 7.0 m; Average ~ 4.2 m<br />
• Live coral cover ~ 60%<br />
<strong>Coral</strong> genera:<br />
•Acropora*<br />
•Diploastrea*<br />
•Euphyllia<br />
•Favia<br />
•Favites<br />
•Fungia<br />
• Goniastrea<br />
• Pocillopora*<br />
• Porites*<br />
• Symphyllia*<br />
• Turb<strong>in</strong>aria*<br />
• Tubastrea*<br />
(Photo: Affendi YA)<br />
(Photo: Affendi YA)<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Affendi YA)<br />
(Photo: Affendi YA)<br />
(Photo: Affendi YA)<br />
(Photo: Affendi YA)
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
•Disease<br />
•Sedimentation<br />
•Bleach<strong>in</strong>g<br />
•Bioerosion<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Affendi YA)
Tukun Jepun (N)<br />
Site description:<br />
• Very turbid water; very low visibility
P. Lalang (SW)<br />
Site description:<br />
• Turbid water; low visibility 7 - 8 m<br />
• Max depth ~ 6.4 m; Average ~ 4.2 m<br />
• Live coral cover ~ 60%, mostly tabular and<br />
plate-like corals<br />
• Many bleached Porites sp.<br />
• High number of sea urch<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>Coral</strong> genera:<br />
• Acropora*<br />
• Diploastrea*<br />
• Ech<strong>in</strong>ophyllia<br />
• Favia<br />
• Favites<br />
• Fungia<br />
• Goniopora<br />
• Pavona<br />
• Pocillopora*<br />
• Porites*<br />
• Symphyllia*<br />
• Turb<strong>in</strong>aria*<br />
• Tubastrea*<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Affendi YA)<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
• Disease<br />
• Bleach<strong>in</strong>g<br />
• Sedimentation<br />
• Fish bite<br />
• Competition<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)
Site description:<br />
P. Saga (SE)<br />
•Turbid water; low visibility ~ 4 m<br />
•Max depth ~ 9.7 m; Average ~ 6.7 m<br />
•Live coral cover ~ 50%, patchy reef<br />
•High cover of sea anemone but low <strong>diversity</strong><br />
<strong>Coral</strong> genera:<br />
• Acropora*<br />
• Coeloseris<br />
• Diploastrea*<br />
• Favia<br />
• Fungia<br />
• Pocillopora*<br />
• Porites*<br />
• Symphyllia*<br />
• Turb<strong>in</strong>aria*<br />
• Tubastrea*<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)
(Photo: Affendi YA)<br />
(Photo: Affendi YA)<br />
(Photo: Affendi YA) (Photo: Affendi YA) (Photo: Affendi YA)
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Affendi YA)<br />
• Disease<br />
• Bleach<strong>in</strong>g<br />
• Discarded<br />
fish<strong>in</strong>g gear<br />
• Competition<br />
(Photo: Affendi YA)<br />
(Photo: Affendi YA)
Site description:<br />
P. Rumbia (SE)<br />
• Turbid water; low visibility 8-9 m<br />
• Max depth ~ 14.9 m; Average ~ 6.1 m<br />
• Live coral cover ~ 50%<br />
• Many Acropora sp.<br />
(Photo: Affendi YA)<br />
<strong>Coral</strong> genera:<br />
•Acropora*<br />
•Diploastrea*<br />
•Favites<br />
•Hydnophora<br />
•Mycedium<br />
• Pocillopora*<br />
• Porites*<br />
• Symphyllia*<br />
• Turb<strong>in</strong>aria*<br />
• Tubastrea*<br />
(Photo: Lau CM) (Photo: Lau CM) (Photo: Lau CM)
(Photo: Affendi YA)<br />
(Photo: Affendi YA)<br />
(Photo: Affendi YA)<br />
(Photo: Affendi YA)<br />
(Photo: Affendi YA)
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
• Bioerosion (Photo: Affendi YA)<br />
• Disease<br />
• Sea anemone <strong>in</strong>festation<br />
• Discarded fish<strong>in</strong>g gear<br />
(Photo: Affendi YA)<br />
(Photo: Affendi YA)<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)
Site description:<br />
P. Buloh (E)<br />
• Turbid water; low visibility 7-8 m<br />
• Max depth ~ 11.3 m; Average ~ 6.1 m<br />
• Live coral cover ~ 60%, patchy reef<br />
• Cyanobacteria layer on reef bottom<br />
• Sponges overgrown corals<br />
• Mucus/membrane layer on massive Porites<br />
<strong>Coral</strong> genera:<br />
• Asteopora *<br />
• Diploastrea*<br />
• Fungia<br />
• Goniastrea<br />
• Hydnophora<br />
• Pavona<br />
• Pocillopora*<br />
• Porites*<br />
• Symphyllia*<br />
• Turb<strong>in</strong>aria*<br />
• Tubastrea*<br />
(Photo: Lau CM) (Photo: Lau CM) (Photo: Lau CM)
• Disease<br />
• Sedimentation<br />
• Competition<br />
• Cyanobacteria<br />
overgrowth<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)
Site description:<br />
White Rock (W)<br />
• Turbid water; visibility varies due to<br />
changes <strong>in</strong> water depth<br />
• Max depth ~ 23.4 m; Average ~ 13.1 m<br />
• Live coral cover ~ 25%, wall div<strong>in</strong>g<br />
• Many Tubastrea sp. and whip corals<br />
• High number of sea urch<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>Coral</strong> genera:<br />
• Acropora*<br />
• Goniopora<br />
• Hydnophora<br />
• Favia<br />
• Favites<br />
• Mycedium<br />
• Turb<strong>in</strong>aria*<br />
• Tubastrea*<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)<br />
(Photo: Lau CM)
Summary<br />
17 species<br />
4 genera<br />
14 genera<br />
35 species<br />
N<br />
12 genera<br />
30 species<br />
<strong>Coral</strong><br />
genera<br />
Fish<br />
species<br />
40 species<br />
10 genera<br />
13 genera<br />
46 species<br />
8 genera<br />
37 species<br />
10 genera<br />
28 species<br />
<strong>Kepulauan</strong><br />
<strong>Sembilan</strong><br />
11 genera<br />
44 species<br />
3053 m
Summary<br />
• <strong>Kepulauan</strong> <strong>Sembilan</strong> is a turbid area with low<br />
underwater visibility and strong currents<br />
• Low <strong>diversity</strong> of scleract<strong>in</strong>ian corals - 19 genera<br />
• Most coral genera consists of stress-tolerant types<br />
that can withstand high sedimentation, high<br />
bioerosion, low light levels and high turbidity<br />
• Possible nutrient <strong>in</strong>flux or runoff from river or from<br />
coastal development<br />
• Low <strong>diversity</strong> of fish species - 99 species
Acknowledgement<br />
• Jabatan Taman Laut Malaysia<br />
• Quiver Dive Team, Lumut<br />
• Innovasi Samudra Sdn. Bhd.<br />
• All volunteers from Universiti Malaya and Universiti<br />
Sarawak Malaysia<br />
• SEABUDS
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