Geant4 Simulations for the Radon Electric Dipole Moment Search at

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Acknowledgements I would like to take the opportunity to thank a number of people who made this project possible. Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Carl Svensson, who guided me throughout my research with patience and much encouragement. I am truly grateful for the opportunities that I have been given in the Nuclear Physics Group. I would also like to thank Dr. Paul Garrett for his support, along with the other members of the Nuclear Physics Group, to name a few: Jack Bangay, Laura Bianco, Sophie Chagnon-Lessard, Greg Demand, Alejandra Diaz Varela, Ryan Dunlop, Paul Finlay, Kyle Leach, Andrew Phillips, Michael Schumaker, Chandana Sumithrarachchi andJames Wong. I’ll always cherish the memories fromexperiments and conferences. FinallyIwouldliketothankmyfamily, whosupportsmethroughoutallmyadventures. Thanks to my sisters Erin and Lauren, for teasing me relentlessly throughout my childhood, and subsequently higher education. Your unique way of showing support is greatly appreciated, and will be reciprocated. Thanks to my parents Gerry and Denise for their continuing encouragement throughout my graduate studies. And to Christie, for putting up with the long hours, travelling and for pretending to be interested in physics and my research in “time travel”. ii
Contents Acknowledgements ii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.1 CP Violation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.1.2 The Standard Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2 Atomic EDMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2.1 Radon EDM Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 RnEDM Experiment at TRIUMF 11 2.1 The ISAC Facility at TRIUMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2 RnEDM Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2.1 Transferring Radioactive Noble Gas Isotopes . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.3 Measuring Atomic EDMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.3.1 Optical Pumping of Rubidium Vapour . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.3.2 Spin Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.3.3 RnEDM Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.3.4 Gamma-Ray Anisotropies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.3.5 Statistical Limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 iii
Page 1 and 2: GEANT4 SIMULATIONS FOR THE RADON EL
Page 3: Dictated but not read. i
Page 7 and 8: 4 Results 60 4.1 γ-Ray Spectroscop
Page 9 and 10: List of Figures 1.1 An illustration
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 1 Introduction Thesearchfor
Page 13 and 14: ˆP ր ˆT ց Figure 1.1: An illust
Page 15 and 16: 1.1.1 CP Violation Following the ob
Page 17 and 18: Figure 1.2: Experimental upper limi
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1.3: Illustration of the dou
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 2 RnEDM Experiment at TRIUM
Page 23 and 24: Figure 2.1: A schematic of the ISAC
Page 25 and 26: a measurement cell. The RnEDM exper
Page 27 and 28: NMR techniques, and supplementing s
Page 29 and 30: Occupied Orbitals Fine Structure Hy
Page 31 and 32: energy levels are separated accordi
Page 33 and 34: (σ + ) along the axis of the B fie
Page 35 and 36: atom and absorbed by another. Radia
Page 37 and 38: anaverageof120kHzphotopeakcountrate
Page 39 and 40: Figure 2.7: One GRIFFIN/TIGRESS HPG
Page 41 and 42: (a) One GRIFFIN detector in the HPG
Page 43 and 44: 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Previous Wor
Page 45 and 46: energies, branching ratios, emissio
Page 47 and 48: used around the measurement cell in
Page 49 and 50: 3.2.5 Simulated Data Thecodewaswrit
Page 51 and 52: lower its total energy. Internal co
Page 53 and 54: 10000 1000 2 χ red = 1.21 t 1/2 =
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as [47] I(E) = G 2π 3 7 c 6 | M i
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was to use an average X-ray energy
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1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 P = 100% P = 75% P
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where (a b c d | e f) are Clebsch-G
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2 2 1.5 J i = 5/2, J f = 5/2 J i =
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of radius 10 cm, allowing the GRIFF
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(a) Screenshot showing the detector
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3.6.2 Output Data and Sort Codes Th
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(user-defined option), secondly toa
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30 Absolute Efficiency (%) 25 20 15
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11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1e+06 Cou
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4.2.1 Multipolarity Effects The sha
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Figure 4.7: The time projections an
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distribution, this average intensit
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Table 4.1: The fit results for the
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12 10 linear regression: y = 0.2243
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15 Linear Counts (e+04) 10 5 0 1e+0
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Chapter 5 Conclusions and Future Di
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simulated given sufficient parent a
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Appendix A Figure A.1: Simulated de
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Figure A.3: Simulated decay scheme
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Figure A.5: Simulated decay scheme
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6 out = (1/(1+∆ˆ2))*(f(k,jf,L1,L
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44 return; 45 end 46 if abs(m) > j
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1 % LegendreP.m 2 function P = Lege
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39 xx(i+1,j+1) = r(i+1,1)*sin((i*re
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11 %warning('m1 + m2 + m3 must equa
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23 end 24 % ////////// 25 j1 = J1;
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33 if L1 == L2 && ∆ == 0 34 title
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Bibliography [1] J. M. Pendlebury a
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[25] P. G. Bricault, M. Dombsky, Je
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[47] RichardA.Dunlap. An introducti
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