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18 VII. REFERENCES [1] S. Ward, “Comparison of Quadrilateral and Mho Distance Characteristic,” proceedings of the 26th Annual Western Protective Relay Conference, Spokane, WA, October 1999. [2] J. Holbach, V. Vadlamani, and Y. Lu, “Issues and Solutions in Setting a Quadrilateral Distance Characteristic,” proceedings of the 61st Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, College Station, TX, April 2008. [3] J. Mooney and J. Peer, “Application Guidelines for Ground Fault Protection,” proceedings of the 24th Annual Western Protective Relay Conference, Spokane, WA, October 1997. [4] S. Sebo, “Zero-Sequence Current Distribution Along Transmission Lines,” IEEE Transactions on Apparatus and Systems, PAS-88, Issue 6, June 1969. [5] G. Swift, D. Fedirchuk, and T. Ernst, “Arcing Fault ‘Resistance’ (It Isn’t),” proceedings of the Georgia Tech Fault and Disturbance Analysis Conference, Atlanta, GA, May 2003. [6] H. Khodr, A. Menacho e Moura, and V. Miranda, “Optimal Design of Grounding System in Transmission Line,” proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Systems Applications to Power Systems, November 2007. [7] V. Terzija and H. Koglin, “New Approach to Arc Resistance Calculation,” IEEE PES Winter Meeting, Vol. 2, 2001. [8] L. Popovic, “A Digital Fault-Location Algorithm Taking Into Account the Imaginary Part of the Grounding Impedance at the Fault Place,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 18, Issue 4, October 2003. [9] F. Calero, “Distance Elements: Linking Theory With Testing,” proceedings of the 35th Annual Western Protective Relay Conference, Spokane, WA, October 2008. [10] J. Roberts, E. O. Schweitzer, III, R. Arora, and E. Poggi, “Limits to the Sensitivity of Ground Directional and Distance Protection,” proceedings of the 1997 Spring Meeting of the Pennsylvania Electric Association Relay Committee, Allentown, PA, May 1997. [11] J. Roberts, A. Guzmán, and E. O. Schweitzer, III, “Z = V/I Does Not Make a Distance Relay,” proceedings of the 20th Annual Western Protective Relay Conference, Spokane, WA, October 1993. [12] E. O Schweitzer, III and J. Roberts, “Distance Relay Element Design,” proceedings of the 46th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, College Station, TX, April 1993. [13] SEL-421 Instruction Manual. Available: http://www.selinc.com. [14] A. Guzmán, J. Mooney, G. Benmouyal, and N. Fischer, “Transmission Line Protection System for Increasing Power System Requirements,” proceedings of the 55th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, College Station, TX, April 2002. [15] G. Benmouyal and J. Roberts, “Superimposed Quantities: Their True Nature and Application in Relays,” proceedings of the 26th Annual Western Protective Relay Conference, Spokane, WA, October 1999. [16] D. Tziouvaras and D. Hou, “Out-of-Step Protection Fundamentals and Advancements,” proceedings of the 30th Annual Western Protective Relay Conference, Spokane, WA, October 2003. [17] J. Mooney and N. Fischer, “Application Guidelines for Power Swing Detection on Transmission Systems,” proceedings of the 32nd Annual Western Protective Relay Conference, Spokane, WA, October 2005. [18] G. Benmouyal, D. Tziouvaras, and D. Hou, “Zero-Setting Power-Swing Blocking Protection,” proceedings of the 31st Annual Western Protective Relay Conference, Spokane, WA, October 2004. [19] H. Altuve, J. Mooney, and G. Alexander, “Advances in Series- Compensated Line Protection,” proceedings of the 35th Annual Western Protective Relay Conference, Spokane, WA, October 2008. [20] J. Mooney and G. Alexander, “Applying the SEL-321 Relay on Series- Compensated Systems,” SEL Application Guide AG2000-11. Available: http://www.selinc.com. [21] F. Plumptre, M. Nagpal, X. Chen, and M. Thompson, “Protection of EHV Transmission Lines With Series Compensation: BC Hydro’s Lessons Learned,” proceedings of the 62nd Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, College Station, TX, March 2009. [22] E. O. Schweitzer, III, K. Behrendt, and T. Lee, “Digital Communications for Power System Protection: Security, Availability and Speed,” proceedings of the 25th Annual Western Protective Relay Conference, Spokane, WA, October 1998. VIII. BIOGRAPHIES Fernando Calero received his BSEE in 1986 from the University of Kansas, his MSEE in 1987 from the University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign), and his MSEPE in 1989 from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. From 1990 to 1996, he worked in Coral Springs, Florida, for the ABB relay division in the support, training, testing, and design of protective relays. Between 1997 and 2000, he worked for Itec Engineering, Florida Power and Light, and Siemens. Since 2000, Fernando has been an application engineer in international sales and marketing for Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc., providing training and technical assistance. Armando Guzmán received his BSEE with honors from Guadalajara Autonomous University (UAG), Mexico. He received a diploma in fiberoptics engineering from Monterrey Institute of Technology and Advanced Studies (ITESM), Mexico, and his MSEE from the University of Idaho, USA. He lectured at UAG and University of Idaho in power system protection and power system stability. Since 1993, Armando has been with Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. in Pullman, Washington, where he is research engineering manager. He holds several patents in power system protection and metering. He is a senior member of IEEE. Gabriel Benmouyal, P.E. received his BASc in Electrical Engineering and his MASc in Control Engineering from Ecole Polytechnique, Université de Montréal, Canada, in 1968 and 1970. In 1969, he joined Hydro-Québec as an instrumentation and control specialist. He worked on different projects in the fields of substation control systems and dispatching centers. In 1978, he joined IREQ, where his main field of activity was the application of microprocessors and digital techniques for substation and generating station control and protection systems. In 1997, he joined Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. in the position of principal research engineer. Gabriel is an IEEE Senior Member, a registered professional engineer in the Province of Québec, and has served on the Power System Relaying Committee since May 1989. He holds over six patents and is the author or coauthor of several papers in the fields of signal processing and power networks protection and control. © 2009 by Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. All rights reserved. 20091214 • TP6378-01 82 | Journal of Reliable Power
Line Protection Bibliography Issue I of the Journal of Reliable Power Costello, David, and Karl Zimmerman. “Determining the Faulted Phase.” March 2010. Stevens, Ian, Normann Fischer, and Bogdan Kasztenny. “Performance Issues With Directional Comparison Blocking Schemes.” March 2010. Zimmerman, Karl, and David Costello. “Fundamentals and Improvements for Directional Relays.” January 2010. Miller, Hank, John Burger, Normann Fischer, and Bogdan Kasztenny. “Modern Line Current Differential Protection Solutions.” January 2010. Calero, Fernando, Armando Guzmán, and Gabriel Benmouyal. “Adaptive Phase and Ground Quadrilateral Distance Elements.” December 2009. Calero, Fernando. “Distance Elements: Linking Theory With Testing.” August 2009. Plumptre, Frank, Mukesh Nagpal, Xing Chen, and Michael Thompson. “Protection of EHV Transmission Lines With Series Compensation: BC Hydro’s Lessons Learned.” January 2009. Calero, Fernando. “Rebirth of Negative-Sequence Quantities in Protective Relaying With Microprocessor- Based Relays.” November 2008. Calero, Fernando. “Mutual Impedance in Parallel Lines — Protective Relaying and Fault Location Considerations.” November 2008. Maezono, Paulo Koiti, Enrique Altman, Kennio Brito, Vanessa Alves dos Santos Mello Maria, and Fabiano Magrin. “Very High-Resistance Fault on a 525 kV Transmission Line — Case Study.” October 2008. Altuve, Héctor, Joseph Mooney, and George Alexander. “Advances in Series-Compensated Line Protection.” October 2008. Costello, David, and Karl Zimmerman. “Distance Element Improvements — A Case Study.” January 2008. Schweitzer III, Edmund O., and Stanley E. Zocholl. “Introduction to Symmetrical Components.” December 2007. Guzmán, Armando, Venkat Mynam, and Greg Zweigle. “Backup Transmission Line Protection for Ground Faults and Power Swing Detection Using Synchrophasors.” September 2007. Mooney, Joe. “Distance Element Performance Under Conditions of CT Saturation.” September 2007. Costello, David. “Lessons Learned Analyzing Transmission Faults.” September 2007. Hubertus, James, Joe Mooney, and George Alexander. “Application Considerations for Distance Relays on Impedance-Grounded Systems.” September 2007. Sánchez, Servando, Alfredo Dionicio, Martín Monjarás, Manuel Guel, Guillermo González, Octavio Vázquez, José L. Estrada, Héctor J. Altuve, Ignacio Muñoz, Iván Yánez, and Pedro Loza. “Directional Comparison Protection Over Radio Channels for Subtransmission Lines: Field Experience in Mexico.” September 2007. Hou, Daqing. “Relay Element Performance During Power System Frequency Excursions.” August 2007. Mooney, Joe, and Satish Samineni. “Distance Relay Response to Transformer Energization: Problems and Solutions.” January 2007. Stokes-Waller, Edmund. “Distance Protection: Pushing the Envelope.” October 2006. Plumptre, Frank, Stephan Brettschneider, Allen Hiebert, Michael Thompson, and Mangapathirao “Venkat” Mynam. “Validation of Out-of-Step Protection With a Real Time Digital Simulator.” September 2006. Araujo, Chris, Fred Horvath, and Jim Mack. “A Comparison of Line Relay System Testing Methods.” September 2006. Line Protection Bibliography | 83
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Journal of Reliable Power Volume 1
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Capable of running protection calcu
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TABLE 1: MHO ELEMENT POLARIZING CHO
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For an Aφ-ground fault on the syst
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The most onerous 3φ fault is one w
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If the angle is near +120°, then t
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Impedance-Based Fault Location Expe
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A. Simple Reactance Method From Fig
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The relay then performs “torque
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IX. LAB TEST SETUP Several line fau
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APPENDIX The following are the rela
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The following shows the analog math
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Digital Communications for Power Sy
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