Measuring Achievements of Private Sector Development in ... - DCED

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Measuring Achievements of Private Sector Development in Conflict-Affected Environments Assumption: the private sector is willing to engage. Private firms in CAEs may be less willing to participate in PSD initiatives than in other environments. Inter-group prejudices, security and other concerns can prevent the establishment of partnerships. The non-governmental organization (NGO) International Alert, for instance, found that the private sector was “not overly enthusiastic” about providing employment opportunities to ex-combatants who had received vocational training but who represented a potential security risk. 9 A long history of conflict may also have significantly deteriorated human capital as well; ex-combatants may not have basic skills required for employment (e.g. literacy). The results chain design will depend on the project’s approach to addressing conflict. There are three broad approaches that PSD projects may use in CAEs: Conflict Blind. Projects do not incorporate the conflict into their background research, design, implementation, or monitoring. Do No Harm. Projects consciously look for and seek to avoid or mitigate negative impacts resulting from their activities. 10 Doing No Harm requires the use of a conflict sensitive 11 approach. Peacebuilding. Projects explicitly design their PSD interventions to reduce conflict and build peace. A peacebuilding project will aim to identify and address the underlying cause(s) of conflict. Figure 2: The PSD-Peacebuilding Continuum 12 Focus on Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding Private Sector Development Programming Conflict Blind Do No Harm Peacebuilding Does not take conflict into account in design, implementation, monitoring, or evaluation Risks failing to meet objectives, and potentially causing harm Understands the conflict and conflict drivers Seeks to minimize potential project harm by monitoring unintended adverse effects of project on conflict Results chain articulates expected positive impacts of project on reducing conflict Incorporates indicators to test positive impacts of project on conflict 9 Godnick, William and Diana Klein, The challenges of supporting ‘alternative’ economic opportunities for peacebuilding – Perspectives from Colombia, 2009, 25. 10 Interpeace, What is Peacebuilding, 2010. 11 A conflict sensitive project understands the context in which it works, comprehends the interaction between its actions and the context and acts upon this understanding in order to avoid negative impacts and maximise positive ones. 12 Prepared by the authors, adapted from Dalberg Global Development Advisors, Adapting IFC M&E approaches for projects in conflict affected countries, Phase 1: Formative research and key issue diagnosis, undated, 28. Practical Guidelines for Implementing the DCED Standard. Version 2, July 2013 8
Measuring Achievements of Private Sector Development in Conflict-Affected Environments A “conflict blind” project may not achieve its objectives, due to unanticipated conflict-related factors, or inadvertently worsen the conflict. The next two sections therefore explore how the project logic can incorporate Do No Harm and peacebuilding principles. 1.1.1 Do No Harm At a minimum, projects in CAEs should aim to “Do No Harm”. They must be built on a comprehensive conflict analysis, and consider potential negative interactions between the conflict and the context. 1.1.1.1 Conflict Analysis “At the beginning of the project, I was not convinced by peace and conflict analysis. I thought that I don’t have time for it. But I’ve discovered that, if I make the time, we avoid a lot of trouble. A good conflict analysis is vital to success.” – Liane Hryca, GIZ Afghanistan 13 To be effective in a CAE, the project logic needs to be based on an understanding of the conflict. This should be done through a conflict analysis, which is a systematic study of the profile, causes, actors, and dynamics of conflict. 14 In particular, the conflict analysis should identify the drivers (i.e. underlying causes) of conflict. For a selection of conflict analysis guidelines, see the key resources section below. Key Questions for Conflict Analysis 15 Conflict profile What is the political, economic, and socio-cultural context What are the emergent political, economic, ecological and social issues What specific conflict prone/affected areas can be situated within this context Is there a history of conflict Conflict causes What are structural causes of conflict What issues can be considered as proximate causes of conflict Impact of EU engagement in Afar Region, Ethiopia Afar is an insecure region in the East of Ethiopia, where regional insecurity, weak regional government, loss of access to livelihood resources, and marginalization of minority groups, in particular pastoralist communities, all risk creating physical conflict. The EU provided approximately two billion Euros between 1976 and 1994 in aid to Ethiopia. In the Afar region, this included large-scale irrigation projects on more than 40,000 ha of land. A report by Saferworld concluded that these projects have excluded pastoralists from planning and implementation, depriving them of grazing land and increasing the risk of conflict between pastoralists, agriculturalists and the state. What triggers can contribute to the outbreak/further escalation of conflict 13 Interview with Liane Hryca (GIZ Afghanistan), September 28, 2012. 14 Conflict Sensitivity Consortium, How To Guide to Conflict Sensitivity, 2012. 15 Conflict Sensitivity Consortium, How To Guide to Conflict Sensitivity, 2012. Practical Guidelines for Implementing the DCED Standard. Version 2, July 2013 9
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