05-4 Theology of the..
05-4 Theology of the..
05-4 Theology of the..
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16 LOGIA<br />
external. When <strong>the</strong> externum verbum determines one’s standing<br />
before God, <strong>the</strong>re is no need for introspection and doubt based<br />
on one’s sin.<br />
One may also describe <strong>the</strong> distinction between law and gospel<br />
as a jettisoning <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Neoplatonic assumptions underlying<br />
Augustine’s distinction between <strong>the</strong> Spirit and <strong>the</strong> letter: <strong>the</strong><br />
power <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> internal versus <strong>the</strong> weakness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> external, <strong>the</strong> congruity<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> lower and higher, and <strong>the</strong> upward pull. All <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se<br />
<strong>the</strong>mes make it impossible for anything external to be decisive in<br />
salvation. When Lu<strong>the</strong>r breaks free <strong>of</strong> De spiritu et littera and glories<br />
in <strong>the</strong> externum verbum, he is rejecting <strong>the</strong> Neoplatonic<br />
metaphysics that undergird Augustine’s thought.<br />
The preoccupation with <strong>the</strong> internal is <strong>the</strong> root problem with<br />
Augustine’s distinction between <strong>the</strong> Spirit and <strong>the</strong> letter. It<br />
caused <strong>the</strong> language <strong>of</strong> inclination and healing to dominate<br />
Lu<strong>the</strong>r’s understanding <strong>of</strong> justification in <strong>the</strong> Lectures on<br />
Romans. Imputation remained supplementary since it was external.<br />
The mark <strong>of</strong> Lu<strong>the</strong>r’s freedom from Augustine is <strong>the</strong> joy he<br />
later took in <strong>the</strong> externum verbum. When <strong>the</strong> distinction<br />
between law and gospel replaced <strong>the</strong> congruity from external to<br />
internal, Lu<strong>the</strong>r found his salvation not in an internal vis unitiva,<br />
but in <strong>the</strong> external promise <strong>of</strong> God. LOGIA<br />
1. Augustine, De Spiritu et Littera, in Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiaticorum<br />
Latinorum 60, ed. Charless Urba and Joseph Zycha (New York and<br />
London: Johnson Reprint Company, 1962).<br />
2. Leif Grane, “Divus Paulus et S. Augustinus, Interpres Eius Fidelissimus,”<br />
Festschrift für Ernst Fuchs, ed., Gerhard Ebeling, Eberhard Jüngel,<br />
and Gerd Schunack (Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1973), 136.<br />
3. littera enim occidit Spiritus autem vivificat.<br />
4. De spiritu et litera 13 (vii). “quicumque faciebant quod lex iubebat<br />
non adiuuante spiritu gratiae, timore poenae faciebant, non amore iustitiae.”<br />
Translations <strong>of</strong> Augustine are Burnaby’s unless o<strong>the</strong>rwise stated.<br />
5. De spiritu et litera 29 (xvii). “sed ad hanc prudentiam carnis terrendam<br />
cum in tabulis scribuntur opera caritatis, lex est operum et littera<br />
occidens praeuaricatorem; cum autem ipsa caritas diffunditur in corde<br />
credentium, lex est fidei et spiritus uiuificans dilectorem.”<br />
6. De spiritu et litera 5 (iii) (my translation). “accipiat spiritum sanctum,<br />
quo fiat in animo eius delectatio dilectioque summi illius atque<br />
incommutabilis boni, quod deus est, etiam nunc cum per fidem ambulatur,<br />
nondum per speciem, ut hac sibi uelut arra data gratuiti muneris<br />
inardescat inhaerere creatori atque inflammetur accedere ad participationem<br />
illius ueri luminis, ut ex illo ei bene sit, a quo habet ut sit.”<br />
7. Rom. 2:15. “opus legis scriptum in cordibus suis.”<br />
8. AE 25: 187. “Videtur itaque mihi . . . Quod aliud sit ‘opus legis<br />
scribi in cordibus’ et aliud ‘legem scribi in cordibus’. Non enim Apostolus<br />
Voluit . . . hoc loco dicere eos habere legem in cordibus suis scriptam, Sed<br />
‘opus legis’. Vnde puto, Quod ‘legem scribi in cordibus’ sit ipsam ‘charitatem<br />
diffundi in cordibus per spiritum sanctum’, que proprie est lex<br />
Christi et plenitudo legis Mosi . . . .” (WA 56: 203, 5–10). Translations <strong>of</strong><br />
Lu<strong>the</strong>r are by Tillmans and Preus unless o<strong>the</strong>rwise stated.<br />
9. AE 25: 187. “. . . legem literalem de opere faciendo, non autem gratiam<br />
ad faciendum” WA 56: 203, 13–14.<br />
10. AE 34: 337; WA 54: 186, 3–9.<br />
11. Quoted by Alister E. McGrath, Lu<strong>the</strong>r’s <strong>Theology</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cross<br />
(Grand Rapids: Baker, 1994), 107.<br />
12. AE 25: 151–152. “‘Iustitia Dei’ non ea debet accipi, qua ipse Iustus<br />
est in seipso, Sed qua nos ex ipso Iustificamur, quod fit per fidem euangelii.<br />
Vnde b. Augustinus c. XI. de spir. et lit.: ‘Ideo Iustitia Dei dicitur,<br />
quod impertiendo eam Iustos facit. Sicut Domini est salus, qua saluos<br />
facit’“ (WA 56: 172, 4–7).<br />
13. De spiritu et littera 15 (ix), (emph. in Burnaby’s trans). “non qua<br />
deus iustus est, sed qua induit hominem, cum iustificat impium.”<br />
14. AE 34: 337. “Postea legebam Augustinum de spiritu et litera, ubi<br />
praeter spem <strong>of</strong>fendi, quod et ipse iustitiam Dei similiter interpretatur:<br />
quo nos Deus induit, dum nos iustificat. Et quamquam imperfecte hoc<br />
adhuc sit dictum, ac de imputatione non clare omnia explicet, placuit<br />
tamen iustitiam Dei doceri, qua nos iustificemur” (WA 54: 186, 16–20).<br />
15. AE 25: 259. “. . . Iustitia nostra ex Deo Est ipsa ipsa Inclinatio ad<br />
bonum et declinatio a malo interius per gratiam data . . . .” (WA 56: 271,<br />
11–12).<br />
16. AE 25: 259; WA 56, 271: 13–15.<br />
17. “et mutaverunt gloriam incorruptibilis Dei in similitudinem imaginis<br />
corruptibilis hominis et volucrum et quadrupedum et serpentium.”<br />
18. AE 25: 11, n. 34. “Natura enim mentis humane est ita mobilis, vt<br />
NOTES<br />
dum se ab vno auertit, necessario vertit se ad aliud. Ideo qui auertitur a<br />
Creatore, necessario vertitur ad creaturam” (WA 56: 13, 7–10).<br />
19. Uuras Saarnivaara, Lu<strong>the</strong>r Discovers <strong>the</strong> Gospel (Saint Louis: Concordia,<br />
1951), 15.<br />
20. De spiritu et littera 48 (xxviii). “non usque adeo in anima humana<br />
imago dei terrenorum affectuum labe detrita est . ...”<br />
21. AE 25: 226–227. “Quia qualia diligimus, tales efficimur. ‘Deum<br />
diligis, Deus es; terram diligis, terra es,’ Ait b. Augustinus. Amor enim vis<br />
est vnitiua ex amante et amato vnum quid constitiens” (WA 56: 241, 3–5).<br />
22. AE 25: 256. “Illi non contenti factis operibus cor etiam querunt<br />
Iustificari et Sanari a prauis concupiscentiis, isti Vero interiora nihil<br />
curantes externe factis operibus contenti sunt” (WA 56: 268, 11–14).<br />
23. My translation; cf. AE 25: 284. “Et sic Mors eius non solum significat,<br />
Sed etiam facit remissionem peccati tanquam satisfactio sufficientissima.<br />
Et resurrectio eius non tantum est sacramentum Iustitie nostre, Sed<br />
etiam efficit eam in nobis, si eam credimus, et est causa. De quibus infra<br />
latius. Hoc totum Scholostici <strong>the</strong>ologi Vnam dicunt mutationem: expulsionem<br />
peccati et infusionem gratie” (WA 56: 296, 19–24).<br />
24. AE 25: 278. “Quia nunquam remittitur omnino, Sed manet et<br />
indiget non-imputatione” (WA 56: 291, 9–10).<br />
25. AE 25: 184. “Sed factores legis Iustificabuntur [2, 13]. Hoc B.<br />
Aug[ustinus] c. 26. de spi. et lit. dupliciter. Primo sic: ‘Factores legis Iustificabuntur’<br />
i.e. per Iustificationem fient siue creabuntur, vt sint factores,<br />
quales ante Iustificationem non fuerunt. Secundo et melius ‘Iustificabuntur’<br />
i.e. Iusti habebuntur et deputabuntur, vt in glosa dictum est” (WA 56:<br />
201, 9–14).<br />
26. De spiritu et littera 45 (xxvi). “unde aliter dicimus ‘deus sanctificat<br />
sanctos suos’, aliter autem sanctificetur nomen tuum; nam illud ideo, quia<br />
ipse illos facit esses sanctos, qui non erant sancti, hoc autem ideo, ut quod<br />
semper apud se sanctum est sanctum etiam ab hominibus habeatur, id est<br />
sancte timeatur.”<br />
27. AE 25: 2<strong>05</strong>; WA 56: 220, 11.<br />
28. AE 25: 261. “Ita mecum pugnaui, Nesciens, Quod remissio quidem<br />
vera sit, Sed tamen non sit ablatio peccati nisi in spe i.e. auferenda et<br />
data gratia, que auferre incipit, vt non Imputetur ammodo pro peccato”<br />
(WA 56: 274, 8–11).<br />
29. Cf. De spiritu et littera 51. “By faith <strong>of</strong> Jesus Christ is granted to us<br />
both <strong>the</strong> little beginning <strong>of</strong> salvation in possession [in re], and its perfecting<br />
which we await in hope [in spe].” “fide igitur Iesu Christi inpetramus<br />
salutem et quantulum nobis inchoatur in re et quantum perficienda<br />
expectatur in spe.”<br />
30. AE 25: 260. “Immo egrotus simul et sanus. Egrotus in rei veritate,<br />
Sed sanus ex certa promissione medici, cui credit, qui eum iam Velut<br />
sanum reputat, quia certus, quod sanabit eum, quia incepit eum sanare<br />
nec imputauit ei egritudinem ad mortem . . .” (WA 56: 272, 7–11).<br />
31. See Saarnivaara, 80.<br />
32. AE 49: 168, 28–30 (my translation). “Sic Spiritus sanctus est in lingua<br />
et cum ea, et sicut loquitur cum ea, sic imponit in cor, ut credatis. Hoc<br />
est contra stultos Spiritus, qui dicunt externum verbum nihil ....”<br />
33. WA 49: 167, 37.<br />
34. WA 49: 170, 13.<br />
35. WA 49: 170, 26–36.