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logia is a journal of Lutheran theology. As such it publishes
articles on exegetical, historical, systematic, and liturgical theology
that promote the orthodox theology of the Evangelical
Lutheran Church. We cling to God’s divinely instituted marks of
the church: the gospel, preached purely in all its articles, and the
sacraments, administered according to Christ’s institution. This
name expresses what this journal wants to be. In Greek, LOGIA
functions either as an adjective meaning “eloquent,” “learned,”
or “cultured,” or as a plural noun meaning “divine revelations,”
“words,” or “messages.” The word is found in 1 Peter 4:11, Acts
7:38, and Romans 3:2. Its compound forms include oJmologiva
(confession), ajpologiva (defense), and ajvnalogiva (right relationship).
Each of these concepts and all of them together express the
purpose and method of this journal. LOGIA considers itself a free
conference in print and is committed to providing an independent
theological forum normed by the prophetic and apostolic
Scriptures and the Lutheran Confessions. At the heart of our
journal we want our readers to find a love for the sacred Scriptures
as the very Word of God, not merely as rule and norm, but
especially as Spirit, truth, and life which reveals Him who is the
Way, the Truth, and the Life—Jesus Christ our Lord. Therefore,
we confess the church, without apology and without rancor, only
with a sincere and fervent love for the precious Bride of Christ,
the holy Christian church, “the mother that begets and bears
every Christian through the Word of God,” as Martin Luther says
in the Large Catechism (LC II, 42). We are animated by the conviction
that the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession
represents the true expression of the church which we confess as
one, holy, catholic, and apostolic.
LOGIA (ISSN #1064‒0398) is published quarterly by the Luther Academy, 9228 Lavant
Drive, Crestwood, MO 63126. Non-profit postage paid (permit #4)) at Cresbard, SD and
additional mailing offices.
POSTMASTER: Send address changes to LOGIA, PO Box 94, Cresbard, SD 57435.
Editorial Department: 1004 Plum St., Mankato, MN 56001. Unsolicited material is
welcomed but cannot be returned unless accompanied by sufficient return postage.
Book Review Department: 1101 University Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414. All
books received will be listed.
Logia Forum and Correspondence Department: 2313 S. Hanna, Fort Wayne, IN 47591-
–3111. Letters selected for publication are subject to editorial modification, must be typed
or computer printed, and must contain the writer’s name and complete address.
Subscription & Advertising Department: PO Box 94, Cresbard, SD 57435. Advertising
rates and specifications are available upon request.
SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION: U.S.: $20 for one year (four issues). Canada and
Mexico: 1 year surface, $23; 1 year air, $30. Overseas: 1 year, air: $50; surface: $27. All
funds in U.S. currency only.
Copyright © 1996. The Luther Academy. All rights reserved. No part of this publication
may be reproduced without written permission.
THE COVER ART features a woodblock engraving of Frederick
the Wise and Martin Luther adoring the crucified
Christ. The identity of the artist is not established. His initials
are M. S., and he was active in Wittenberg from 1530
to 1572. His illustrations appear in many of Luther’s writings
issuing from the press of Hans Lufft.
This engraving adorns the title pages of the Wittenberg
edition of Luther’s works. Published in twenty volumes
(twelve German, seven Latin, and one index) between 1539
and 1559, this first published collection of Luther’s writings
was reprinted repeatedly until 1603. The publisher was
Hans Lufft in Wittenberg, and the sponsor was John Frederick
of Saxony, the brother and successor of Frederick.
Reproduced from Volume 4 of the Wittenberg edition contained
within the Haffenreffer Library of Lutheran Dogmatician’s
Collection of Concordia Seminary, St. Louis,
Missouri. Used by permission.
FREQUENTLY USED ABBREVIATIONS
AC [CA] Augsburg Confession
AE Luther’s Works, American Edition
Ap Apology of the Augsburg Confession
BSLK Die Bekenntnisschriften der evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche
Ep Epitome of the Formula of Concord
FC Formula of Concord
LC Large Catechism
LW Lutheran Worship
SA Smalcald Articles
SBH Service Book and Hymnal
SC Small Catechism
SD Solid Declaration of the Formula of Concord
Tappert The Book of Concord: The Confessions of the Evangelical
Lutheran Church. Trans. and ed. Theodore G. Tappert
TDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Testament
TLH The Lutheran Hymnal
Tr Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope
Triglotta Concordia Triglotta
WA Luthers Werke, Weimarer Ausgabe [Weimar Edition]