Introduction to Categorical Data Analysis

SUBJECT INDEX 351
Classification table, 142–144
Clinical trial, 34, 154–155
Clustered data, 192–193, 276–277, 283–284,
297–301, 309
Cochran–Armitage trend test, 45
Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel (CMH) test,
114–115, 329
and logistic models, 115
and marginal homogeneity, 252
and McNemar test, 252
nominal variables, 194–196, 337
ordinal variables, 194–196, 337
software, 337
Cochran’s Q, 252, 329
Coding factor levels, 110, 113, 155, 335
Cohen’s kappa, 264, 338
Cohort study, 34
Collapsibility, 224–226
Comparings models, 86, 118, 144–145,
157, 214, 226
Concordance index, 144
Conditional association, 49, 193–196,
209, 214, 224
Conditional distribution, 22
Conditional independence, 53, 111,
114–115, 193–196, 208, 214
Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test,
114–115, 329
exact test, 158–159
generalized CMH tests, 194–196
graphs, 223–228
logistic models, 111, 113, 193–194
loglinear models, 208, 214
marginal independence, does not imply
53–54
model-based tests, 112, 193–194
Conditional independence graphs, 223–228
Conditional likelihood function, 157
Conditional logistic regression, 157–160,
249–252, 269, 275, 309–310, 328
Conditional ML estimate, 157, 269, 275,
309–310, 328
Conditional model, 249–252, 279, 298–318
compared to marginal model, 249, 279,
300–302, 307–309
Confounding, 49, 65
Conservative inference (discrete data), 14,
47–48, 160
Contingency table, 22
Continuation-ratio logit, 191–192
Contrast, 155, 176, 306, 335
Controlling for a variable, 49–52, 65
Correlation, 41, 144, 281, 287
Correlation test (ordinal data), 41–44
Credit scoring, 166
Cross-product ratio, 29. See also odds ratio
Cross-sectional study, 34
Cumulative probabilities, 180
Cumulative distribution function, 72–73
Cumulative logit models, 180–189,
193–194, 254–255, 286, 290, 310, 328
proportional odds property, 182, 187, 255,
286, 310
conditional model, 254–255, 310–311
invariance to category choice, 189
marginal model, 286
random effects, 310–311
software, 337
Data mining, 331
Degrees of freedom:
chi-squared, 35–36, 62, 327
comparing models, 86
independence, 37, 327
logistic regression, 146
loglinear models, 212
Deviance, 85–87
comparing models, 86
deviance residual, 87
goodness of fit, 145–147, 184, 212
grouped vs. ungrouped binary data,
146–147, 167
likelihood-ratio tests, 86
Dfbeta, 150–151
Diagnostics, 87, 147–151, 213, 335
Discrete choice model, 179, 328
Discrete responses. See also Poisson
distribution, Negative binomial GLM:
conservative inference, 14, 47–48, 160
count data, 74–84, 323–324
Dissimilarity index, 219
Dummy variables, 110
EL50, 101
Empty cells, 154–156
Exact inference