Rangeland condition and feed resources in Metema District, North ...

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5.31 ± 0.20 persons per household. This mean family size was similar to the national average of 5.2 (CACC 2002), but lower than the values of 6.6 ± 0.31 reported by Sisay, (2006) for the same district and 7.3 for Hamer and Bena-Tsemay by Admasu (2006). The age structure showed that 50% are within the productive workforce age of 16 to 60 years. Only 2.5% are above 60 years of age. The remaining 30.1% are between 6–15 years of age, while 17.4% are children of less than 6 years of age. In rural Ethiopia, all people above 10 years of age are involved in agricultural and related activities (CSA 2003). 4.2 Land holding and land use pattern Data on land holding and land use pattern of the respondents are presented in Table 6. The overall average land holding per household is 6.78 ± 1.33 ha; being slightly higher (P>0.05) in the cotton–livestock (7.53 ± 1.53 ha) than in the sesame–livestock (6.21 ± 1.17 ha) farming system. The possible reason may be associated with the time of settlement in both areas. According to the group discussion with key informants, the settled inhabitants in the cotton–livestock farming system arrived earlier (by their own and government), benefited from less controlled open access land and are therefore well established. The majority of the inhabitants in the sesame–livestock system are relatively new settlers and only 1–2 ha of farm land is allocated per settler (OoARD, Settlement Desk, personal communication). According to Sisay (2006), this is greater than the average landholdings of the highland districts of Debark (1.66 ha) and Layarmachiho (2.03 ha). As reported by IPMS (2005), previously settled and the indigenous people officially own about 5 ha of land, but many farmers cultivate more than this. According to the respondents, about 91.4% of the land is used for annual crop production; while 0.8% is covered by perennial crops, 3.1% is left for private grazing and 4.7% fallowed (Table 6). The trend was similar to the result reported by Sisay 2006. This fallow land was associated with the widely practised shifting cultivation in the area as a means of soil fertility improvement measure. Based on the group discussion held with elders, some 10 years back, fallowing of farmland was practised for about 5–8 years and was a common practice in the district. The trend has been decreasing, and currently, land is left for fallow for about 2 to 4 years due to the increase in human population and the use of extensive areas for private investment. 24
Table 6. Mean ± SE land holding and land use pattern in Metema district Variables CLFS SLFS Overall HHC % HHC % HHC % Land holding 1–5 ha 21 42.9 38 52.8 64 50.4 5.1–10 ha 15 30.6 23 31.9 38 29.9 10.1–15 ha 10 20.4 11 15.3 22 17.3 >15 ha 3 6.1 0 0.0 3 2.4 Mean (SE) 55 7.53 ± 1.53a 72 6.21 ± 1.17b 127 6.78 ± 1.33b Land use Annual crops 51 89.5 66 93 117 91.4 Perennial crops – – 1 1.4 1 0.8 Private grazing – – 4 5.6 4 3.1 Fallow 6 10.5 – – 6 4.7 HHC = household count, CLFS = cotton–livestock farming system, SLFS = sesame–livestock farming system. Means with different superscripts differ significantly (P
Page 1 and 2: www.ipms-ethiopia.org www.eap.gov.e
Page 3 and 4: Authors’ affiliations Tesfaye Des
Page 5 and 6: 4.7 Availability of natural pasture
Page 7 and 8: Table 20. Common and dominant grass
Page 9 and 10: Abbreviations ADF ADL AEZ ANOVA ANR
Page 11 and 12: Abstract The study was conducted in
Page 13 and 14: 1 Introduction Ethiopia, with its d
Page 15 and 16: 2 Background 2.1 Livestock resource
Page 17 and 18: availability of rainfall. Alemayehu
Page 19 and 20: fauna composition or a transition f
Page 21 and 22: change. A change in plant compositi
Page 23 and 24: The four classes of range condition
Page 25 and 26: 2.8 Biomass estimation methods Biom
Page 27 and 28: are the Gumuz people. Until recentl
Page 29 and 30: Enclosures used as benchmark was se
Page 31 and 32: the distribution was assessed as fo
Page 33 and 34: samples for herbaceous species and
Page 35: The overall educational status of t
Page 39 and 40: Table 8. Livestock herd structures
Page 41 and 42: espectively, while 93.6, 4.3 2.1% r
Page 43 and 44: 4.7.2 Crop residues production and
Page 45 and 46: Table 13. Percentages of respondent
Page 47 and 48: than in P. spheslatum and C. ciliar
Page 49 and 50: of the respondents (69.3%) water th
Page 51 and 52: Table 20. Common and dominant grass
Page 53 and 54: owsing height of the animals. Accor
Page 55 and 56: Grazing types Herbaceous species Ca
Page 57 and 58: Table 25. Herbaceous species compos
Page 59 and 60: low density a decade ago, but curre
Page 61 and 62: 2004). Based on the results of this
Page 63 and 64: at the landscape scale; short tempo
Page 65 and 66: Soil compaction also directly restr
Page 67 and 68: Dry matter biomass 18000 16000 1400
Page 69 and 70: i.e. 312,300 ha, about 71% is natur
Page 71 and 72: • Transhumance production system
Page 73 and 74: Beruk Yemane and Tafesse Mesifin, 2
Page 75 and 76: van der Westhuizen, HC van Rensburg
Page 77 and 78: Appendix Table 2. Criteria for the
Page 79 and 80: Appendix Table 4. Herbaceous specie
Page 81 and 82: Appendix Table 5. Correlation matri
Page 87 and 88:
Source: IPMS (2005). Appendix Figur
Page 89 and 90:
Appendix Figure 5. Partial view of
Page 91 and 92:
Appendix Figure 9. Communal grazing
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