Rangeland condition and feed resources in Metema District, North ...

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Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures Abbreviations Acknowledgements Abstract v vii viii ix x 1 Introduction 1 2 Background 3 2.1 Livestock resources in Ethiopia 3 2.2 Rangelands of Ethiopia 3 2.3 Major livestock feed resources in Ethiopia 4 2.4 Causes of rangeland degradation 6 2.5 Factors affecting rangeland vegetation 8 2.6 Factors influencing vegetation composition of the rangeland 8 2.7 Range condition assessment 10 2.8 Biomass estimation methods 13 3 Materials and methods 14 3.1 Description of the study area 14 3.2. Selection of kebeles and farmers 16 3.3 Rangeland condition assessment 16 3.4 Evaluating the quality of major feed resources 20 3.5 Statistical analysis 20 4 Results and discussion 22 4.1 Socio-economic conditions 22 4.2 Land holding and land use pattern 24 4.3 Livestock holdings 25 4.4 Livestock herd/flock structure 26 4.5 Major feed resources 27 4.6 Feed management and utilization practices 28 iii
4.7 Availability of natural pasture 29 4.8 Floristic composition 38 4.9 Range condition assessment 47 4.10 Biomass production 52 4.11 Correlation among variables studied for range condition assessment 55 5 Conclusion and recommendations 57 5.1 Conclusion 57 5.2 Recommendations 59 References 61 Appendices 65 Appendix Table 1. Criteria for the scoring of the different factors determining range conditions (Herbaceous vegetation and soil condition) 65 Appendix Table 2. Criteria for the scoring of the different factors determining range conditions 66 Appendix Table 3. Common and/or dominant woody species and their percentage composition in the farming system of different grazing areas 67 Appendix Table 4. Herbaceous species identified in different farming system and grazing types of the district 68 Appendix Table 5. Correlation matrix among variables studied in the communal grazing areas of CLFS 69 Appendix Table 6. Correlation matrixes among variables studied in the road side grazing areas of CLFS 70 Appendix Table 7. Correlation matrixes among variables studied in the enclosure areas of CLFS 71 Appendix Table 8. Correlation matrix among variables studied in the grazing areas of CLFS 72 Appendix Table 9. Correlation matrixes among variables studied in the grazing areas of SLFS 73 Appendix Table 10. Correlation matrix among variables studied and their interactions in range condition assessment in Metema 74 iv
Page 1 and 2: www.ipms-ethiopia.org www.eap.gov.e
Page 3: Authors’ affiliations Tesfaye Des
Page 7 and 8: Table 20. Common and dominant grass
Page 9 and 10: Abbreviations ADF ADL AEZ ANOVA ANR
Page 11 and 12: Abstract The study was conducted in
Page 13 and 14: 1 Introduction Ethiopia, with its d
Page 15 and 16: 2 Background 2.1 Livestock resource
Page 17 and 18: availability of rainfall. Alemayehu
Page 19 and 20: fauna composition or a transition f
Page 21 and 22: change. A change in plant compositi
Page 23 and 24: The four classes of range condition
Page 25 and 26: 2.8 Biomass estimation methods Biom
Page 27 and 28: are the Gumuz people. Until recentl
Page 29 and 30: Enclosures used as benchmark was se
Page 31 and 32: the distribution was assessed as fo
Page 33 and 34: samples for herbaceous species and
Page 35 and 36: The overall educational status of t
Page 37 and 38: Table 6. Mean ± SE land holding an
Page 39 and 40: Table 8. Livestock herd structures
Page 41 and 42: espectively, while 93.6, 4.3 2.1% r
Page 43 and 44: 4.7.2 Crop residues production and
Page 45 and 46: Table 13. Percentages of respondent
Page 47 and 48: than in P. spheslatum and C. ciliar
Page 49 and 50: of the respondents (69.3%) water th
Page 51 and 52: Table 20. Common and dominant grass
Page 53 and 54: owsing height of the animals. Accor
Page 55 and 56:
Grazing types Herbaceous species Ca
Page 57 and 58:
Table 25. Herbaceous species compos
Page 59 and 60:
low density a decade ago, but curre
Page 61 and 62:
2004). Based on the results of this
Page 63 and 64:
at the landscape scale; short tempo
Page 65 and 66:
Soil compaction also directly restr
Page 67 and 68:
Dry matter biomass 18000 16000 1400
Page 69 and 70:
i.e. 312,300 ha, about 71% is natur
Page 71 and 72:
• Transhumance production system
Page 73 and 74:
Beruk Yemane and Tafesse Mesifin, 2
Page 75 and 76:
van der Westhuizen, HC van Rensburg
Page 77 and 78:
Appendix Table 2. Criteria for the
Page 79 and 80:
Appendix Table 4. Herbaceous specie
Page 81 and 82:
Appendix Table 5. Correlation matri
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Source: IPMS (2005). Appendix Figur
Page 89 and 90:
Appendix Figure 5. Partial view of
Page 91 and 92:
Appendix Figure 9. Communal grazing
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