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esearch BY JENNIFER A. VEITCH M A T T E R S In a previous column (March 2008), I wrote about laboratory experiments that showed the benefits of individual, personal control over lighting. These experiments showed that giving people the opportunity to choose their own local lighting levels enables them to create conditions closer to their personal preferences. Working in one’s preferred conditions leads to a more positive mood and to better satisfaction with lighting. In experiments supported by the Light Right Consortium (www. lightright.org), having individual control over lighting seemed to improve motivation over the workday; people without control showed a drop in motivation from morning to afternoon. Today, I can update you on our progress in studying these effects in the field. When writing the final report for the Light Right Albany experiments, the team concluded that laboratory investigations of the effects of light distribution and individual control had reached the end of their usefulness (Boyce, et al., 2006; Boyce, Veitch, Newsham, Myer, & Hunter, 2003). To demonstrate the overall organizational benefits of high-quality, energy-efficient lighting in offices would require a field study in a functioning work setting. Our team at NRC-IRC has now completed that study, with funding from the Light Right Consortium. The investigation was designed to achieve two objectives: 1. To replicate the results of the Light Right Albany experiments in a functioning work setting. 2. To extend the model developed from the Albany data to organizational effectiveness outcomes. RESEARCH DESIGN The project was designed around a linked mechanisms map (Figure 1). As in the Albany experiments, each concept in the linked mechanisms map had at least one associated measurement. The experimental design was a naturally occurring field experiment in an organization that has undertaken a major renovation of three office buildings, involving both furnishings and lighting. Individual floors in all buildings will be renovated in phases over several years. During the study period (May 2008-September 2009), both old (pre-renovation) and new (post-renovation) conditions existed in the buildings. The old lighting consisted of recessed paraboliclouvered luminaires (similar to the Base Case condition in the Albany experiment 1), and the new lighting consisted of workstation-specific, individually controllable, suspended, direct/indirect luminaires (similar to the Dimming Control condition in the Albany experiment 1). Furnishings also changed with the lighting (from teal (dark) to off-white (light)), except for four floors in one building that have had the new lighting for several years and that are keeping their medium grey panels. All of the buildings had large windows on all orientations. Figure 2 shows examples of the old and new lighting and furnishings. All occupants of the three buildings were asked to complete an online questionnaire on three occasions during the study, in May-June 2008, June 2009 and September 2009. Each time, the questionnaire included questions and tasks to assess the individual-level concepts in the linked mechanisms map. Each measurement wave included a site visit by the research team, during which the physical conditions in selected locations were measured, with photometric measurements both by day and by night (electric lighting only). Some of the participants moved to newly renovated offices between the first and second measurement waves; others had already moved to new or newly renovated spaces before the first wave; and others did not experience any office design or lighting changes during the study period. As is evident from the photos, the three luminaire and furnishing combinations created markedly different visual conditions. (There were also three variations in the operation of the workstation-specific, direct-indirect luminaires, which resulted in different proportions of indirect illumination, but these were small in comparison to the difference between workstation-specific, direct-indirect lighting and recessed parabolic louvered luminaires.) All the measured locations met or exceeded IES recommendations for work-plane illuminance. The offices 26 www.ies.org
RESEARCH MATTERS with workstation-specific luminaires had higher ceiling luminances than the parabolic-louvered luminaire spaces; those with high-reflectance furnishings also had higher vertical luminances in the field of view. QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS The questionnaire revealed the following. Detailed results are available in the project report (Veitch, Newsham, Mancini, & Arsenault, 2010, in press) on the Light Right (www.lightright.org) and NRC (www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca) websites. Workstation-specific lighting with individual control is the higher-quality lighting solution. Workstationspecific lighting with individual (personal) control was preferred over parabolic-louvered luminaires regardless of the surface reflectances of the furnishings. The workstationspecific luminaires were rated as providing lighting that was better than in other similar workplaces; the parabolic-louvered luminaires were seen as being the same as in other similar workplaces. In the most sensitive statistical tests, small effects were found for several outcomes. Pleasure, room attractiveness and illumination, lighting satisfaction, overall environmental satisfaction, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment were all higher for the people in offices with workstation-specific luminaires. The frequency and intensity of physical symptoms and the intent to turnover (voluntarily seek other employment) were all lower for the people in offices with workstation-specific Figure 1. Proposed conceptual model. The black lines indicate relationships observed in the Albany experiments. The blue lines are relationships derived from other research. Figure 2. Top: Old panels, old lighting. Middle: New panels, new lighting. Bottom: Older panels, new lighting. LD+A December 2010 27
Page 1: The magazine of the Illuminating En
Page 4 and 5: 10 th Edition of the IES LIGHTING H
Page 6 and 7: THE COLOR OF BRILLIANCE Intematix i
Page 8 and 9: EDITORIAL No disrespect to the othe
Page 10 and 11: LETTERS Power to the People The art
Page 12 and 13: LETTERS entities that are supposed
Page 14 and 15: LETTERS IES Emerging Professionals
Page 16 and 17: UPDATES OLEDs Are Coming to America
Page 18: UPDATES LRC Specifier Report NLPIP
Page 21 and 22: PDX4 PDX7 PDX10 PARADOX SERIES M940
Page 24 and 25: LED WATCH The Standards Wave BY JAM
Page 26 and 27: LED WATCH Retrot your lighting adva
Page 30: RESEARCH MATTERS 2008). As shown in
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Page 36 and 37: EDUCATION Beltrán, associate profe
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Page 43 and 44: FUTURE LEADERS FUTURE LEADERS THE N
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Page 47 and 48: FUTURE LEADERS If the lighting prof
Page 49 and 50: FUTURE LEADERS In Keith Graeber’s
Page 51 and 52: FUTURE LEADERS For Matt Alleman,
Page 53 and 54: FUTURE LEADERS They say a picture i
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Page 65 and 66: FUTURE LEADERS Shanna Olson was gre
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PROJECT The combined efforts of man
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ANNUAL INDEX SUBJECT BRIDGES Flight
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ANNUAL INDEX SUBJECT Vision Quest .
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PRODUCTS + LITERATURE Nora Lightin
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IES FYI Street and Area Lighting Co
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