eogrÄfiski raksti folia geographica xii - Ä¢eogrÄfijas un Zemes zinÄtÅ†u ...

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MAN AND ENVIRONMENT We would also like to record our thanks to the people of Gudenieki parish and the local authority for help in obtaining the information necessary for the present research. References Bauere, A. (red.) (2003). Reģionu attīstība. Rīga: VSIA “Reģionu attīstība”. [Development of regions]. In Latvian. Brouwer, F., Baldock, D., Godeschalk, F, Beanfoy, G. (1996). Marginalization of agricultural land in Europe. http//www.macaulay.ac.uk/livestocksystems/nafplio/proceedings/ brower.htm. (25.04.2003.) Fjellsatd, W.J., Dramstad, W.E. (1999). Patterns of change in two contrasting Norwegian agricultural landscapes. Landscape and urban planning, 45, 177-191. Grīne, I., Liepiņš, I., Nikodemus, O. (2003). Ainavu struktūras dinamika un to ietekmējošie faktori Taurenes pagastā. Latvijas Universitātes 61.zinātniskā konference. Ģeogrāfija, ģeoloģija, vides zinātne. Referātu tēzes. Rīga: LU, 42-45. [Dynamics of landscape structure and it`s impacting factors in the Taurene rural municipality]. In Latvian. Ihse, M. (1995). Swedish agricultural landscapes – patterns and changes during the last 50 years, studied by aerial photos. Landscape and urban planning, 31, 21-37. Kūle, L., Rasa, K. (2001). Apdzīvojuma struktūras attīstība. Nozares pārskats rajona plānojuma izstrādāšanai. Rīga: Vides aizsardzības un reģionālās attīstības ministrija. [Development of the settlement structure. Branch report for regional planning]. In Latvian. Melluma, A. (1994). Metamorphoses of Latvian landscapes during fifty years of Soviet rule. GeoJournal, 33(1), 55-62. Melluma, A., Leinerte, M. (1992). Ainava un cilvēks. Rīga: Avots. [Landscape and man]. In Latvian. Nikodemus, O., Bells S., Grīne, I., Liepiņš, I. (2004). The impact of economic, social and political factors on the landscape structure of the Vidzeme Uplands in Latvia. Landscape and urban planning. In press. Nikodemus, O. (2000). Lauksaimniecības nozares attīstība. Nozares pārskats rajona plānojuma izstrādāšanai. Rīga: Vides aizsardzības un reģionālās attīstības ministrija. [The Development of the branch of agriculture. Branch Report for regional planning]. In Latvian. Palang, H., Mander, Ü., Luud, A. (1998). Landscape diversity dynamics in Estonia. Landscape and urban planning, 41, 163-169. Pirksts, V. (ed.) (1995) Latvijas lauksaimniecība – attīstība, iespējas, problēmas. 6. krājums. Rīga: Latvijas valsts agrārās ekonomikas institūts. [The agriculture of Latvia – development, possibilities, problems]. In Latvian. Potapova, V. (1977). Feodālo lauksaimniecības zemju izvietojuma galvenie fizioģeogrāfiskie faktori un to sakars ar mūsdienu ainavu. Latvijas PSR ģeogrāfiskie kompleksi un cilvēks. Rīga, 44-56. [Main physico-geographic factors in the patterning of feudal agricultural lands and their connection to the contemporary landscape]. In Latvian. Poudevigne, I., van Rooij, S., Morin, P., Alard, D. (1997). Dynamics of rural landscapes and their main driving factors: A case study in the Seine Valley, Normandy, France. Landscape and urban planning, 38, 93-103. Priednieks, J., Aunins, A., Brogger-Jensen, S., Prins, E. (1999). Species-habitat relationships in Latvian farmland: studies of breeding birds in a changing agricultural landscape. Vogelwelt, 120, 175-185. 64
Changing patterns of population mobility in Latvia Zaiga Krišjāne, Andris Bauls and Armands Vilciņš 65 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Abstract Political, social, and economic changes in the early 1990s in Latvia meant a fundamental shift in the volume and direction of population mobility. International migration processes in Latvia were changed with the stabilization of Latvia’s economic situation and the societyintegrating policies, which the Latvian government had been implementing. Future trends in migration processes will no doubt be influenced by EU enlargement. The losses of resident population by migration are different in urban and rural areas. After a decade of dramatic changes in migration in Latvia, internal rural- urban exchange has returned to normal. Beginning in 1998, the system began to return to the trends of the 1970s and 1980s – the flow from rural areas to cities and from peripheral areas to the Riga metropolitan area is once again dominant in the migration system. Keywords: migration, population mobility, commuting, Latvia Introduction Political, social, and economic changes in the early 1990s in Latvia meant a fundamental shift in the volume and direction of population mobility, and Latvia, which during Soviet times was an immigration-dominated republic, became an emigration-dominated country. Analysing Latvia in the context of international migration processes, we see that there was stabilization in these processes after five to seven years. This has to do with the stabilization of Latvia’s economic situation and society-integrating policies that the Latvian government has been implementing. The further trends in migration processes could be influenced by EU enlargement. Between 2000 and 2002, international migration processes stabilised, mostly because they were based on the endogenous migration potential. Links to the countries of the CIS have become far weaker, even though that group of countries still involves the majority of external migration. There has also been increasing migration during this period to the countries of the European Union. Distinct regional differences in the income and employment levels influence migration processes in the country. The goal of this paper is to analyse the principal migration and mobility trends emerging during the 90s. Trends of international migration Accession to the EU is seen as one of the key factor in influencing outward migration from Latvia. Forecasts about a major inflow of people from the new member states have caused worries among the residents of people in countries with better economic development. Rules have been set out to limit the initial inflow, and limitations on labour markets are a part of the mix. The data of Eurobarometer research shows that 3.2% of Latvia’s residents (about 74,000 people) have thought about moving to another country. In total 0.6% (14,000 people) have definitely decided to do it. Similar results were found in the other Baltic States. Younger people (particularly in the 15-24 age group, but also in the 25-39 cohort) are more likely to think about emigrating [Alberte et al. 2004]. Other research data also shows that 1-2% of local residents have thought about moving permanently to another EU member state. Higher activities in case of emigration can be expected from Latvia’s non-citizens [Baltic Data House 2004]. The typical migrant from the acceding countries is young, well educated, or studying in the thirdlevel of education and living as a single person. This profile of a typical migrant indicated that the potential youth drain would be combined with a potential “brain drain” for these countries. [European Foundation for the improvement of living and working conditions 2004]
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ĢEOGRĀFISKI RAKSTI FOLIA GEOGRAPH
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ĢEOGRĀFISKI RAKSTI FOLIA GEOGRAPH
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Preface This is the second issue of
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Small languages - small geography?
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9 GENERAL TRENDS learned societies.
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11 GENERAL TRENDS counted. Almost t
Page 15 and 16: 13 GENERAL TRENDS narrow evaluation
Page 17 and 18: 15 GENERAL TRENDS Jauhiainen, J.S.
Page 19 and 20: 17 NATURE RESEARCH Figure 1. The ap
Page 21 and 22: 19 NATURE RESEARCH masses or at a g
Page 23 and 24: General information (Riga) 21 NATUR
Page 25 and 26: 23 NATURE RESEARCH interannual vari
Page 27 and 28: 25 NATURE RESEARCH oceanic part of
Page 29 and 30: 27 NATURE RESEARCH 3.5. Vegetation
Page 31 and 32: Pre-spring (PSP): second half of Fe
Page 33 and 34: Figure 7. Main: Decadal mean temper
Page 35 and 36: 33 NATURE RESEARCH After vernal equ
Page 37 and 38: 35 NATURE RESEARCH Abb- Description
Page 39 and 40: 37 NATURE RESEARCH Thus, setting in
Page 41 and 42: 39 NATURE RESEARCH xA air and conti
Page 43 and 44: 41 NATURE RESEARCH land and loss of
Page 45 and 46: 43 NATURE RESEARCH night, and rise
Page 47 and 48: 45 NATURE RESEARCH temperature curv
Page 49 and 50: 47 NATURE RESEARCH might contribute
Page 51 and 52: Character of ice regime in Latvian
Page 53 and 54: 51 NATURE RESEARCH Figure 1. Mean a
Page 55 and 56: Figure 3. Time series of ice break-
Page 57 and 58: 55 NATURE RESEARCH Jevrejeva, S. (2
Page 59 and 60: 57 MAN AND ENVIRONMENT important [G
Page 61 and 62: 59 MAN AND ENVIRONMENT Figure 3. La
Page 63 and 64: 61 MAN AND ENVIRONMENT Gudenieki (1
Page 65: 63 MAN AND ENVIRONMENT 20 th centur
Page 69 and 70: 67 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY the desire to go
Page 71 and 72: 69 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY After economic d
Page 73 and 74: 71 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY economy has chan
Page 75 and 76: 73 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Eglīte, P. (199
Page 77 and 78: 75 DEVELOPMENT OF PLACES AND REGION
Page 87 and 88: 85 LANDSCAPES AND CULTURE of that g
Page 89 and 90: 87 LANDSCAPES AND CULTURE (4) wonde
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