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Wilhelm von Rosen: Denmark 93 21 Thorkil Vanggaard, Phallós. A Symbol and its History in the Male World (London: Cape, 1972). Cf. von Rosen, ‘Vanggaard, Thorkil,’ Aldrich, Robert, and Wotherspoon, Garry (eds), Who’s Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History (London and New York: Routledge, 2001), 417. 22 N. Thulstrup, (ed.), Søren Kierkegaards Papirer VIII, 1, (Copenhagen, 1917), A 630 [1848]. 23 Voltaire, Dictionnaire philosophique I (1764), ed. Julien Benda et Raymond Naves, (Paris, 1937), 26. 24 Statistisk Årbog 1965 (Copenhagen, 1965), Table 4. 25 See E. W. Monter, ‘Sodomy and Heresy in Early Modern Switzerland’, Journal of Homosexuality 6 (New York: Haworth, 1981–82): 42, 51. 26 Ludvig Holberg, Epistler I, ed. F. J. Billeskov Jansen, (Copenhagen, 1944), 234–6. 27 Voltaire, Dictionnaire Philosophique I, 22. 28 Månens Kulør, 127–32. 29 Charlotte Dorothea Biehl, ‘Den falske Ven eller hertil og ikke længere’, Moralske Fortællinger II, Copenhagen, 1781), 88. 30 e.g. Wladimir Ørbæk, Hans Wilh. Warnstedt (Copenhagen, 1936), 10–11. 31 Ørbæk, 60–1 and Månens Kulør, 170–9. 32 Johan Ludwig Casper, ‘Ueber Notzucht und Päderastie’, Vierteljahrsschrift für gerichtliche und öffentliche Medicin 1 (Berlin, 1852) 62; reprint in J. S. Hohmann, Der Unterdrückte Sexus (Lollar, 1977); emphasis by Casper.
6 A State of Sin: Switzerland and the Early Modern Imaginary Helmut Puff In late medieval and early modern Europe, the Swiss were frequently caricatured along sexual lines. The injurious term ‘cow-Swiss’ carried with it the allegation of bestiality. 1 In De Nobilitate et Rusticitate (‘Of Nobility and Peasantry’), written in 1451, Felix Hemmerli presented sexual intercourse between Swiss men and their cattle as a virtually ubiquitous phenomenon. According to this canonist, Swiss men avoided ‘the company of their wives.’ Instead, they populated barely habitable mountain areas, sharing their lives with cows. Shockingly, according to Hemmerli, the Swiss had resigned ‘themselves to these dogged rumors. They [did] not suffer anymore from the accusations and even [did] not feel obliged to apologize or bring charges against their defamers.’ Hemmerli’s overt specification of bestiality amongst the Swiss peasantry deployed a rhetoric congruous with descriptions of same-sex relations common in the same period. His description of sexual acts ‘against nature’ centered around the explicit mention of that which, according to the same author, should be left unspoken: ‘It would be better if we fell silent, put the finger on our mouth, and rejected these aspersions entirely. Then, this well-known talk would really be silenced.’ 2 Bestiality’s relationship to language was as problematic as sodomy’s. 3 Enunciations thereof were suspended between verbal proliferation and censure. Slurs often served as a prime means to voice what theologians had declared unspeakable (though, at the same time, they greatly contributed to a growing discourse on these sins). Bestiality, like sodomy, was anything but a peccadillo. According to Thomas Aquinas, crossspecies intercourse was the worst among all sexual sins, worse even than same-sex sexual acts. 4 The many men who were executed for sexual intercourse with animals, and also for sex with other men, 94
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Also edited by Katherine O’Donnel
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Editorial Matter and Selection © K
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viii Contents 9. Colliding Cultures
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Notes on Contributors Richard Godbe
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xii Notes on Contributors Sensibili
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xiv Preface Eurocentric view of gay
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xvi Preface essays push previous bo
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xviii Preface defined? What has bee
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Introduction: Siting Queer Masculin
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xxii Introduction queer past. We ho
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xxiv Introduction nation-specific s
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xxvi Introduction norm, especially
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10 Colonial Latin America Martin Au
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13 Between Men in Early Modern Engl
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Index Abru, poet 147, 148-9, 151, 1
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254 Index Holberg, Ludvig 87-9, 91
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256 Index Schwarz, Frederik 89-90 S
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