queer masculinities

142 Queer Masculinities, 1550–1800
49 Ujiie (1996), 116–18. From the genpuku ceremony, usually performed
between ages 15 and 18, a teenage boy wore adult male clothing, and
adopted the adult male haircut. From this point on, he was supposed to
lose his homoerotic allure. Male Colors, 125–7.
50 Among the registered commoner population of Edo in 1733, there were 174
males for every 100 females. By 1832 the ratio was 120:100; in 1867,
101:100. See Leupp (1996), 105–9.
51 Pflugfelder, Cartographies of Desire, 137, n. 104.
52 Pflugfelder, Cartographies of Desire, 8.
53 Leupp, Male Colors, 191–4.
54 Ellis Tinios. Review of Male Colors. Japan Forum, 9, 1 (1997), 101–3; Margaret
H. Childs, Review of Male Colors. Early Modern Japan, 6.1 (Summer 1997),
40–2; Paul Schalow, Review of Male Colors. Monumenta Nipponica, 23.1
(1997), 196–201. Pflugfelder’s work subsequently provided several
Tokugawa-era references to homosexual fellatio. Cartographies of Desire, 41,
n. 50.
55 For a critique of postmodernists’ rejection of history, see Ellen Meiksins
Wood and John Bellamy Foster (eds), In Defense of History: Marxism and the
Postmodernist Agenda (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1997).
56 Gary P. Leupp, ‘The Five Men of Naniwa: Gang Violence and Popular
Culture in Genroku Osaka’, Osaka: The Merchant’s Capital in Tokugawa
Japan, James L. McClain and Wakita Osamu (eds) (New York: Cornell
University Press, 1999), esp. 127–31.
57 Ikegami, 218–22.
58 Male Colors, 164–70.
59 Schalow (1997), 200.
60 See Robert Lyons Danly’s translation of a chapter of Ihara Saikaku’s 1682
work Kôshoku ichidai otoko (Life of a Sensuous Man), in which a male prostitute
speaks candidly about the job, in Stephen D. Miller, (ed.), Partings at
Dawn: An Anthology of Japanese Gay Literature (San Francisco: Gay Sunshine
Press, 1996), 94–5; also Andrew Markus, ‘Prostitutes and Prosperity in the
Works of Terakado Seiken,’ in Jones (ed.), 39–40.
61 Schalow (1992), 220.
62 Murray (1992), 144–5, n. 41.
63 Pflugfelder, Cartographies of Desire, 75.Similarly, the Japanese scholar Koike
Togorô, in his Kôshoku monogatari (Tokyo: Kamakura insatsu, 1963), 266–7,
assumes that Iemitsu, the third Tokugawa shogun (r. 1623–51) ‘was forced
to pear the pain of the passive partner’ in his relationship with an older
man during his boyhood.
64 See my review of Pflugfelder’s Cartographies in American Historical Review
(June 2001), 959–60, and Leupp, Male Colors, 178–82. Murray (1992, 125–7)
also discusses at least some ‘wakashû’s eager subordination’ and ‘eager[ness]
to be loved’ by men.
65 Jesuit missionaries who worked in Japan in the sixteenth century often
noted that ‘both the boys and the men who consort with them [sexually]
brag and talk about it openly without trying to cover the matter up.’ See
Michael Cooper, comp. and ed., They Came to Japan: an Anthology of
European Reports on Japan, 1543–1640 (Berkeley: University of California
Press, 1965), 46–7.