02050552 - Cafet Innova

1467 P. V. S. VARA PRASAD and S S. ASADI
toposheets of Survey of India in 1:50,000 scale and
updated using latest satellite data wherever deviations
and new developments are observed. Step I: All the
rivers its tributaries and drainage network shown on the
toposheets are captured. The boundaries of all
rivers/water bodies with names appearing are captured
from toposheets. The drainage is drawn from whole to
part, i.e., from the rivers to tributaries to first drains to
second order drains to third order drains. Step II: Based
on the post monsoon satellite image extent of water
spread and dry parts are updated. The water bodies
which did not exist at the time of survey of toposheets,
if any are also captured based on satellite imagery.The
study area forms lower part of Pennar basin and the
river Pennar flows through the middle of the area from
western part, towards East. All these rivers and rivulets
get dry for major part of the year and carry heavy floods
during rainy season. The Pennar river is most
important river, a boon to the eastern half of the taluks
of Nellore and Kovvur. It flows for about 112 kms in
the area through Atmakur and between Kovvur and
Nellore and falls into the Bay of Bengal.The Penner
river confluence with Cheyyeru three km before
Somasila gorge and is traversed and enters the Nellore
district. The Somasila anicuts is at this point the border
of Nellore and Kudapa Dist. Flows slightly towards
north east up to Sangam Anicut, The River turns in a
south-easterly direction towards Nellore Anicut. A few
kilometers below Nellore town, the course takes a sharp
turn to the north-east and falls into the Bay of Bengal
Sea at Utukur estuarine region. The Pennar Delta is
having a four major, fourteen medium and forty-one
minor drains. The main drain basins are Maldevi, the
Alluri swamp, Nakklavagu and Paideru vagu. The
Paideru traversing for distance of 43.2 Km joins the Sea
at Ponnapudi village at Vidavaluru mandal. The rest
three drains, River Pennar, Chippaleru and Uppateru,
which finally empties into sea.The Penner and its
tributaries are practically dry before the on set of SW
monsoon and they begin to flow after the rains. The
maximum flow in the river will be during the months of
August, September and October. After December, the
rivers are practically dry. It has two old anicuts
constructed by British one at Sangam and the other at
Nellore and a Major Irrigation project the Somasila
constructed recently.
4.3 Watershed Map:
Watersheds are hydrological units that are considered to
be efficient and appropriate for assessment of available
resources and subsequent planning and implementation
of various development programmes. The watershed
map is prepared in accordance with the National
Watershed Atlas (1990). India is divided into 6 regions
out of which the present study area comes under
Region-4 i.e. the river flowing into Bay of Bengal. The
total area occupied by this region is 1130.48 lakh.
Present study area falls under basin-C i.e. between
Cauvery and Krishna basin which has a total area of
14,606 hectares. The total catchment is divided as 3 and
4 which includes Pennar (5740 ha) and Pennar Krishna
(2426 ha). The 3 catchment is further divided into A, B,
C, D etc sub-catchments. The sub-catchment-A i.e.
Lower Pennar 536 ha consists of the present study area
and occupies the 1(Right Bank Pennar) and 2 (Left
Bank Pennar) watersheds. The 4 catchment is further
divided into A, B, C, and D etc sub-catchments. The
sub-catchment-A i.e. Maneru 479 ha consists of the
present study area and occupies the 1(Bungale) and
2(Upputeru) watersheds. For a detailed study the
4C3A1, 4C3A2 and 4C4A1 watersheds are further
divided into sub-watersheds (4C3A1a etc.), miniwatersheds
(4C3A1a1 etc.) and micro-watersheds
(4C3A1a1a etc.).
Table: Land Use / Land Cover Classification
Landuse / Landcover
Double Crop 12305
Single Crop 8615
Aquaculture 10812
Dry river 1921
Scrub forest 831
Land with Scrub 910
Fallow lands 11
Plantations 750
Scrub forest 784
Marshy/Swamp lands 220
Saltpans 131
Settlements 726
Dry tank /River 1343
River/tank with water 1546
Sand area 775
Water logged area 25
4.4 Land Use / Land Cover Map:
Area In Ha
The LU/LC map (Fig.) of the study area is prepared
from satellite imagery using visual interpretation
technique. This technique consists of a set of image
elements, which help in the recognition or interpretation
of various land use /land cover features systematically
on the enhanced satellite imagery during the
classification of features (Lillesand and Kiefer 1994).
A preliminary image classification key is prepared for
the fused pictorial data and is used during interpretation
process. The base map is overlaid on the satellite
imagery. Then the features of LU/LC classes are
International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering
ISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 05, No. 05 (02), October 2012, pp. 1464-1471