Urban Hydrology - A case study on Water Supply and ... - Cafet Innova

International Journal of Earth Sciences and EngineeringISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 04, No 01 - Spl issue, January 2011, pp. 09-169<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Hydrology</strong> - A <strong>case</strong> <strong>study</strong> on Water Supplyand Sewage Network for Madurai Region, UsingRemote Sensing & GIS TechniquesJ. ANIMESH, K. SELVAVINAYAGAM, L. YESHODHA and S. SURESH BABUDept of Civil Engg, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur - 635109, Tamilnadu, IndiaEmail: j.animesh@hotmail.com, selvagis34@gmail.com, sunisurp@gmail.comAbstract: An increasing demand for water and sewage due to population growth, industrialdevelopment and improvement of economic require management of water & sewagetransfer and improve operation of distributed network systems. The information of land use,tin and existing water supply was generated using the Resourcesat (IRS P6 LISS IV data)and Survey of India (SoI) toposheets of scale 1:25,000 and integrated them with GIS toidentify the distribution supply networks of the <strong>study</strong> area. This paper explains the demandof sewage network and scarcity of water supply system in and around Madurai Region usingRemote Sensing and GIS techniques. In addition, GIS based analysis of the pattern of urbanexpansion over the demographic change and land use modifications has also indicated thaturban growth has mainly taken place linearly along the major roads in the <strong>study</strong> area.Keywords: Land use Mapping, Water supply network, Sewage network, OPSGIS, Madurai.Introduction:The population, of Madurai city is growingvery fast due to <strong>Urban</strong>ization and settlementof rural population from adjacent areas. Thedrinking water needs is also increasing intrend. Usually most national reportsdescribe the total population of a wholetown as covered if there is some kind ofwater supply system that functions the city.Typically, the large urban areas representconcentrated demands, both due to largepopulations and large per capita use andwaste. The sanitation cover of the urbanpopulation in the Madurai town is extremelyunsatisfactory. Only about 62-63% of thetotal urban population is reported to haveaccess to basic sanitation. In the low incomeslum and squatter settlements, thepercentage is even less, with only 25% ofthe households having toilets and another21% having access to community toilets.What is important to that 51% of the poorhouseholds use ‘open spaces’ for personalsanitation. The inadequacy of water supplyby urban authorities has led to boom inbottled water around the town in the nameof ‘mineral water’. More importantly, thedemand makes the people to buy the moreexpensive bottled water and this is not asolution of drinking water needs of thesociety [3] . The urban water supplies need todecentralise planning, regulation andmonitoring functions for evolving efficientwater supply demands. This will enable tofacilitate participation and help intersectoredco-ordination, develop and operatewater supply that is more responsive to theneeds of the people. The aim to meet futurerequirements of water supply and sewagenetwork systems can be efficiently achievedby performing Land use Mapping and usingdistribution system. The Remote Sensingand GIS is the latest techniques to identifythe pattern of growth and its demand.Study Area:Madurai District lies between 9°30’ and10°10’ of the North Latitude and between77°10’ and 78°30’ of the Eastern Longitude[2] . The general geographical information ofthe district is simple and flat as well as hillarea. Vaigai River is flowing in the districtand is dry during the summer season.Madurai is bound on its North by Dindiguland Tiruchirapalli districts, on the East bySivagangai District, on the South byVirudhunagar District and West by TheniDistrict.#02040002 Copyright © 2011 CAFET-INNOVA TECHNICAL SOCIETY. All rights reserved.

10J. ANIMESH, K. SELVAVINAYAGAM, L. YESHODHAand S. SURESH BABUThe water supply and sanitation requirementof Madurai was managed by a City Councilfrom 1866 to 1970. In 1970, Madurai wasupgraded to the status of a MunicipalCorporation. Further in 1974, 13 Panchayatson the outskirts of Madurai City wereincluded in Madurai Corporation and wardswere increased to 65. In 1990, a delineationcommittee was formed to identify newwards and the total number of wardsincreased from 65 to 72. MaduraiCorporation meets its water demandthrough surface and subsurface sourcesthrough water supply schemes on the VaigaiFigure 1: Location Map of the Study areaRiver. It consists of totally 79 villagesexcluding Madurai Corporation. The villagesare classified into two rings. First ringcomprises of 28 villages (105.025 Sq.kms)and second ring with 51 villages (168.718Sq.kms) respectively. The total areaincluding Madurai city covers around327.419 Sq.kms [2] .International Journal of Earth Sciences and EngineeringISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 04, No 01 - Spl issue, January 2011, pp. 09-16

<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Hydrology</strong> - A <strong>case</strong> <strong>study</strong> on Water Supply and SewageNetwork for Madurai Region, Using Remote Sensing & GIS Techniques11Table 1: Madurai Divisional Zone DetailsNorth Bank of Vaigai River South Bank of Vaigai RiverDetailsTotalNorth Zone East Zone South Zone West ZoneWards 21 16 19 16 72ComprisingWards1 to 21 44 to 5931 to 43& 60 to 6522 to 30& 66 to 721 to 72Population 2,85,000 2,65,000 3,20,000 3,10,000 11,80,000Area (Sq.Km) 19.50 6.12 7.40 18.78 51.85Data Used:Indian Satellite imagery IRS-P6 LISS IV,Survey of India Toposheets 58 K/1/NW and58 K/1/NE on 1:25,000 Scale, Warp Map onScale 1:5000, Sewage Network data, WaterSupply Distribution data and Population datafrom Madurai Corporation.Software Used:1. OPS-GIS 5.02. PG-Steamer 4.13. AutoCAD 20084. MS-Office PackagesMethodology:The Methodology has developed accordingto the needs and requirements for thestudies based on overlaying the features onLand use and Land cover map and todetermine the Water Distribution andSewage Network.Figure 2: Schematic Diagram of MethodologyInternational Journal of Earth Sciences and EngineeringISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 04, No 01 - Spl issue, January 2011, pp. 09-16

12J. ANIMESH, K. SELVAVINAYAGAM, L. YESHODHAand S. SURESH BABUBase Map Creation:To delineate the boundary first step is todigitize the ward map with reference totoposheets. The base map is created bydelineating the boundary by means ofcreating a shape file on the ward map andoverlayed on the IRS P6 LISS IV MX &Toposheet, then the boundary is extracted.The extracted boundary map is imported toGIS software for digitization purpose.Several features such as settlements, roads,water bodies, vegetation and industrialareas are digitized and a digitized map isgenerated. From this digitized map severalthematic maps are prepared according tothe necessity.The Land Use/Land Cover Map:Most conventional definitions have landcover relating to the type of feature on thesurface of the earth such as rooftop, asphaltsurface, grass and trees. Land useFigure 3: Madurai Corporation Boundaryassociates the cover with a socio-economicactivity such as factory or school, parking lotor highway, golf course or pasture andorchard or forest.International Journal of Earth Sciences and EngineeringISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 04, No 01 - Spl issue, January 2011, pp. 09-16

<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Hydrology</strong> - A <strong>case</strong> <strong>study</strong> on Water Supply and SewageNetwork for Madurai Region, Using Remote Sensing & GIS Techniques13<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Hydrology</strong> often uses the term, landcover and land use interchangeably becausethe inputs to the models require elementsfrom each definition [5] . Land use mapping isused to identify the existing and expectedfuture land uses. The Timely informationabout the changing pattern of urban landuse plays significant role in urban land useplanning and sustainable urban development[1] . The mapping and monitoring of urbanland use/land cover require a land useclassification system. The most significantcontribution in this respect has been madeby the Human settlement [4] . The Land useMap is generated by means of digitizing thefeatures like settlements, roads, waterFigure 4: Land Use/Land Cover Mapbodies, vegetation and etc. For theidentification and interpretation of land usepattern of the area, image interpretationsthrough remote sensing data (IRS P6 LISSIV) were adopted and the various land useclasses has been delineated.Sewage Network Mapping:The underground drainage in the city coverssix-lakh population. Out of 72 wards ofMadurai Corporation, 13 wards have nounderground drainage system and another16 wards are partially covered. The sewageinflow is 61mld, which is partially pumped tothe treatment plant [3] .International Journal of Earth Sciences and EngineeringISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 04, No 01 - Spl issue, January 2011, pp. 09-16

14J. ANIMESH, K. SELVAVINAYAGAM, L. YESHODHAand S. SURESH BABUFigure 5: Sewage Network MapThe key issues related to this sector are due to dense population coverage and treatmentcapacity constraints. The sewage network mapping is done through the process of digitizingthe sewage network features, and then it is overlayed on land use and land cover map.Figure 6: Overlap Map of LULC & Sewage NetworkInternational Journal of Earth Sciences and EngineeringISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 04, No 01 - Spl issue, January 2011, pp. 09-16

<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Hydrology</strong> - A <strong>case</strong> <strong>study</strong> on Water Supply and SewageNetwork for Madurai Region, Using Remote Sensing & GIS Techniques15Water Distribution Mapping:In Madurai, the frequency of water supply isonce in three days and the populationcovered is 36 percent. The per capitaavailability of water ranges between 60 lpcdto 75 lpcd [2] .The situation becomes worse in summerseason with reduced per capita supply.These deficiencies in the water supply sectorare mainly because of inadequate treatmentFigure 7: Water Distribution Network Mapcapacity, inadequate network coverage,inadequate summer storage, need forsource augmentation and need for assetmanagement action plan.Figure 8: Overlap Map of LULC & Water Distribution NetworkInternational Journal of Earth Sciences and EngineeringISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 04, No 01 - Spl issue, January 2011, pp. 09-16

16J. ANIMESH, K. SELVAVINAYAGAM, L. YESHODHAand S. SURESH BABUIt is also noticed that simultaneously wateris distributed through two or moredistribution mains to different areas withoutany system of valve regulation. Due to thisoperation, even consumers residing near tothe service reservoirs do not get water atsufficient pressure. The population residingin the south zone of Madurai Corporationand those living in extended areas facesignificant hardship during summer monthsdue to inadequate water supply. The WaterDistribution Mapping is done through theprocess of digitizing the sewage networkfeatures, and then it is overlayed on landuse and land cover map.Conclusion:GIS based analysis of the pattern of urbanexpansion over the demographic change andland use modification is identified bySatellite image. The existing SewageNetwork & Water Distribution Network isdigitized by using toposheets. The abovemaps are overlayed with Land use & Landcover Map. Present population and expectedrate of growth are critical factors in designof Water Distribution and Sewage Networkin Madurai City. A review of the existingcondition indicates that Madurai Corporationmay not have been fully involved in thedesign, according to the Growth rate bymeans of settlement and population. The<strong>study</strong> has focused on the utility of RemoteSensing and GIS in the identification ofexisting system. The result shows thepresent scenario situation of sewage andwater network of Madurai City.References:[1] National Institute of <strong>Hydrology</strong>, Roorkee(2000-2001), Application of Remote Sensingin <strong>Urban</strong> Hydrological studies of Delhi areas.[2] City Development Plan, MaduraiCorporation, Madurai.[3] Jawaharlal Nehru National <strong>Urban</strong>Renewal Mission [JNNURM], Government ofIndia.[4] Cheng.J, and Masser, 2003, <strong>Urban</strong>growth pattern modelling: a <strong>case</strong> <strong>study</strong> ofWuhan city, PR China. “Landscape and<strong>Urban</strong> Planning”, Vol. 62, pp 199217.[5] Jensen.J.R, and D.L.Toll, 1982, Detectingresidential landuse development at theurban fringe, “Photogrammetric Engineeringand Remote Sensing”, Vol. 48(4), pp629643.[6] Ottensmann, J.R, (1977). <strong>Urban</strong> Sprawl,Land Values and the Density ofDevelopment, Land Economics, Vol. 53 (4),pp. 389400.International Journal of Earth Sciences and EngineeringISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 04, No 01 - Spl issue, January 2011, pp. 09-16