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398International Journal of Earth Sciences and EngineeringISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 03, No. 03, June 2010, pp. 398-408Mapping of Water and Soil Quality Parameters forIrrigation Using Remote Sensing and GISK. R. SURESH 1 , M. A. NAGESH 2 and ABHIRAM SHANKAR 11 Department of Civil Engineering, BMS College of Engineering, Bengaluru-5600192 Department of Civil Engineering, SSIT, Tumkur-572105Email: suriiisc@yahoo.com, manageshssit@yahoo.co.inAbstract: The yield of a crop depends on soil properties, the quantity & quality of waterapplied, climatic factors and farm practices followed during the crop period. Soil-waterchemistry plays a very important role in crop growth. With the increasing pressure ofhuman population, there is a severe stress on water resources. The available surface waterresources are limited and being depleted day by day. Many human activities and their byproductshave the potential to pollute surface and subsurface water. Pollutants enter surfaceor groundwater directly. The yield of a crop depends on quality of water embraces itscombined physical, chemical and biological characteristics. The quality of water for irrigationis as important as nature of soil. It affects the fertility of the soil and ultimately the cropyield. In this study, an attempt is being made to study the status of water quality (surfaceand ground) and soil quality at selected stretches of Vrishabavathi stream near Bangalore.The study shows that Vrishabavathi river, once used to be the major source of water, is fullycontaminated from household, commercial and industrial wastes. Most of the farmers in thecommand use this contaminated water for growing different types of crops. Analysis of thewater samples show that the water is unsuitable for irrigation and also affecting the groundwater quality of nearby areas along the stream (Comparing with the FAO and Central Waterpollution Control Board guidelines). The results show that the polluted water affects the soilparameters too. The results of soil and water samples are integrated with GIS which providereal time spatial information to the decision makers and end users.Keywords: Irrigation, pH, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Electrical Conductivity, RemoteSensing & GIS.Introduction:Water is a vital natural resource which formsthe basis of all life. Agriculture is the world’sbiggest water user. It has been known foryears that the quality of irrigation waterdirectly influences the quality of the soil andthe crops grown on the soil. In the lastcentury, the demand for agricultural landand products has grown rapidly as afunction of population growth. In addition,experts from all disciplines have agreed thatfactors such as urbanization,industrialization, poor land management andenvironmental pollution imposed additionalstress on agricultural production. All of thesefactors have quickly become responsible forthe decrease in the amount of land availablefor agriculture and for the reduction in thequantity and the quality of water to irrigatethese lands. A dramatic example for thissoil–water quality interaction phenomenon isthe salinity problem that is widelyexperienced in many parts of the worldwhere about 10 million hectares ofagricultural land is lost annually (Tanji,1990, Kwiatkowski, Marciak, Wentz, & King,1995). As a consequence, effective use ofboth the agricultural land and the irrigationwater has become an indispensablecomponent of many agriculturaldevelopment and management plans. In thelast century, another detrimentalconsequence of the above mentioned stressfactors have been experienced in thequantity and quality of surface waters.Invaluable surface water resources haveeither been over consumed to their capacityand/or been polluted to such levels that theycould no longer be used not only in directhuman consumption but also in agriculturalirrigation. In many parts of the world, thissituation has lead people depend more on#02030510 Copyright © 2010 CAFET-INNOVA TECHNICAL SOCIETY. All rights reserved.

K. R. SURESH, M. A. NAGESH and ABHIRAM SHANKAR399groundwater resources and has inevitablyresulted in increased demands on thequantity and quality of groundwater. It hasnow become clear that this extra burden ongroundwater had its own costs such as rapiddecline in economically consumablegroundwater levels, salt water intrusion incoastal aquifers and infiltration of pollutedsurface waters into groundwater. Theutilization of degraded quality waters inirrigation has been the main cause for thedeterioration of the quality of soils and theagricultural crops grown on such soils(Wilcox, 1948; Ayers, 1977; Ayers andWestcot, 1985). This degradation has mainlybeen attributed to the accumulation ofvarious ions in the soil mass as a result ofthe presence of such ions in irrigationwaters in high concentrations. While someof these ions and elements naturallyappeared in water (i.e., due to interactionswith geological formations), many originatedfrom major anthropological activities.Regardless of the cause, the increase in theconcentrations of such ions degraded thequality of irrigation waters and created vitalproblems in agricultural production. Basedon this current situation, water qualitymanagement has become an important toolto guarantee the required amount ofagricultural production for current needs andto maintain the sustainability of the land forfuture generations. Motivated by thisnecessity, decision makers have asked theexperts to provide non-technical tools tohelp them come up with better decisions.The Index techniques and water qualitymapping have been developed as a result ofthis need (Celalettin Simsek & OrhanGunduz, 2007). The irrigation water qualityis mainly assessed as a function of the levelof certain quality parameters. Theseparameters are generally associated with aparticular irrigation problem or some specifichazard that their presence are likely tocreate. In general, the quality of anirrigation water resource is associated withits (a) salinity hazard, (b) infiltration orpermeability hazard, (c) specific ion toxicity,(d) trace element toxicity; and, (e) variousmiscellaneous effects to susceptible crops.However, it is important to note that thesehazards or negative impacts couldsometimes occur simultaneously, thusmaking their relative significance moredifficult to assess. Furthermore, spatialdistributions of other factors such as soiltype and crop pattern bring in additionalcomplexity to the problem. Therefore, it isclear that all of these parameters must beinvolved in some way to better assessmentof irrigation water quality. Based on thismotivation, a GIS-based water and soilquality map is developed in this study withparticular emphasis on the spatial variationsof all related physicochemical qualityparameters. The study area considered hereis the Vrishabavathi command area locatedon southern side of Bangalore, Karnataka,India. Accordingly, a database is created forthe study area by collecting 122 watersamples (surface & ground water) and soilsamples from the study area. The GISintegrateddatabase is then used to createinput data layers for the salinity hazard, theinfiltration and permeability hazard, thespecific ion toxicity, the trace elementtoxicity and the miscellaneous effects to thecrops. The results of this case study areused to understand the current status ofsurface and groundwater quality in area.Irrigation Water Quality:The quality of irrigation water is highlyvariable depending upon both the type andthe quantity of the salts dissolved in it.These salts originate from natural (i.e.,weathering of rocks and soil) andanthropological (i.e., domestic and industrialdischarges) sources and once introduced,they follow the flow path of the water. Theirrigated soils and the crops grown on suchsoils absorb more salts and minerals as aresult of evaporation and crop consumption.Generally, the problems associated with thesoil’s salt content increase as the total saltcontent of the irrigation water increases.Therefore, the irrigation water quality shouldbe considered as an important tool in thesustainable management of the soilresources and the agricultural production(Wilcox, 1955). It is commonly acceptedthat the problems originating from irrigationwater quality vary in type and severity as afunction of numerous factors including thetype of the soil and the crop, the climate ofInternational Journal of Earth Sciences and EngineeringISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 03, No. 03, June 2010, pp. 398-408

400Mapping of Water and Soil Quality Parameters for Irrigation UsingRemote Sensing and GISthe area as well as the farmer.Nevertheless, there is now a commonunderstanding that these problems can becategorized into the following major groups:(a) salinity hazard, (b) infiltration andpermeability problems, (c) toxicity hazards;and, (d) miscellaneous problems (Ayers &Westcot, 1985). The toxicity hazards canfurther be grouped into problems associatedwith specific ions as well as hazards relatedto the presence of trace elements and heavymetals.Salinity Hazard:Salinity hazard occurs when salts start toaccumulate in the crop root zone reducingthe amount of water available to the roots.This reduced water availability sometimesreaches to such level that the crop yield isadversely affected. These salts oftenoriginate from dissolved minerals in theapplied irrigation water. The reductions incrop yield occur when the salt content of theroot zone reaches to the extent that thecrop is no longer able to extract sufficientwater from the salty soil. When this waterstress is prolonged, plant slows its growthand drought-like symptoms start to develop(Ayers & Westcot, 1985). The extent ofsalinity hazard could be measured by theability of water to conduct an electriccurrent. Since conductance is a strongfunction of the total dissolved ionic solids,either an electrical conductivity (EC)measurement or a total dissolved solids(TDS) analysis could be used in measuringthe salinity of water. TDS is a directmeasure of dissolved solids and EC is anindirect measure of ions by an electrode.Generally, the amount of water available tothe crop gets lower when the electricalconductivity is higher. Under suchcircumstances, the soil appears to be wetbut the crop experiences the so-calledphysiological drought. As plants can onlytranspire ‘pure’ water, the usable portion ofwater by plants decreases drastically asconductivity increases. Usually, waters withEC values of below 700 µS/cm areconsidered to be good quality irrigationwaters. The classification of irrigation waterquality based upon its EC value is presentedin Table I.Permeability and Infiltration Hazard:Although the infiltration rate of water intosoil is a function of many parametersincluding the quality of the irrigation waterand the soil factors such as structure,compaction and the organic content, thepermeability and infiltration hazard typicallyoccurs when high sodium ions decrease therate at which irrigation water enters thesoil’s lower layers. The reduced infiltrationrate starts to show negative impacts whenwater cannot infiltrate to the roots of thecrop to the extent that the crop requires.Hence, these salts start to accumulate at thesoil surface. When the crop is not able toextract the required amount of water fromthe soil, it is not possible to maintain andesired yield and the agricultural productionis reduced. The two most common waterquality factors that influence the normal rateof infiltration of water are the salinity ofwater and the relative concentrations ofsodium, magnesium and calcium ions inwater that is also known as the sodiumadsorption ratio (SAR). The SAR value ofirrigation water quantifies the relativeproportions of sodium (Na+) to calcium(Ca++) and magnesium (Mg++) and iscomputed as: SAR = [Na + ]/ √[Ca +++Mg ++ ]/2, where [Na + ], [Ca ++ ] and [Mg ++ ]are defined as the concentrations of sodium,calcium and magnesium ions in waterrespectively (Ayers & Westcot, 1985). Inthis equation, the concentrations areexpressed as milli equivalents per liter andare computed by dividing the aqueousconcentration of the corresponding ionexpressed in milligrams per liter by theproduct of its atomic weight and ioniccharge. As both salinity and SAR operate atthe same time, the levels of sodium ions inwater are the determining parameters forpotential infiltration hazards. It is alsoimportant to note that the these hazardstypically occur in the first few centimeters ofthe top soil and is strongly linked to thestructural stability of the surface soil and itslow calcium content relative to that ofsodium (Ayers & Westcot, 1985). It hasbeen found that when a soil is irrigated withwaters of high sodium concentrations, ahigh sodium surface is reported to developInternational Journal of Earth Sciences and EngineeringISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 03, No. 03, June 2010, pp. 398-408

K. R. SURESH, M. A. NAGESH and ABHIRAM SHANKAR401which in turn weakens the soil structure.The soil aggregates and then disperses tosmaller particles and clogs its pores.Another important parameter is the soil’sclay content. The high SAR values have anegative impact on soil structure due to thedispersion of clay particles. The classificationof irrigation water quality based upon itsinfiltration hazard is presented in Table I.Specific Ion Toxicity:Certain ions such as sodium, chloride andboron cause toxicity problems for plantswhen they are found in HIGH concentrationsin water or in soil. When these ions aretaken up by the plant and accumulate toconcentrations high enough to cause cropdamage or yield reduction, they areconsidered to be toxic. The level of toxicityis specific to plant type and extraction rate.The permanent, perennial type crops aremore sensitive to this type of toxicity whencompared to the annual crops. It is alsoknown that ion toxicity is usuallyaccompanied by other problems such assalinity and infiltration hazards (Ayers &Westcot, 1985).Sodium:The detection of sodium toxicity is relativelydifficult compared to the toxicity of otherions. Typical toxicity symptoms on the plantare leaf burn, scorch and dead tissue alongthe outside edges of leafs in contrast tosymptoms of chloride toxicity whichnormally occur initially at the extreme leaftip (Ayers & Westcot, 1985). Sodium ionalso causes hazards in the soil structurecreating reduced permeability and waterinfiltration problems. In addition, calciumand magnesium ions are replaced by sodiumion creating an increase in soil’s sodiumcontent (Todd & Mays, 2004). While EC is anassessment of all soluble salts in water,sodium hazard is generally definedseparately due to sodium’s specificdetrimental effects on soil physicalproperties and plant survival. Thus, thesodium hazard is expressed as SAR, whichdefines the relative proportions of sodium tocalcium and magnesium ions in a watersample. In general, waters with SAR valuesof below 3 are considered to be good qualityirrigation waters. The classification ofirrigation water quality based upon its SARvalue is presented in Table 1. Central WaterPollution Control Board (CWPCB) classifiedthe available waters in to 5 classes andamong them Irrigation water falls in the 5 thcategory. Table 2 shows the Irrigation waterquality criteria given by CWPCB.Table 1: Irrigation Water Quality Criteria Classification (Ayers & Westcot, 1985)Sl.No.Quality factorDegree of restrictions of useSlight Slight to moderate Severe1 Electrical Conductivity in dS/m < 0.7 0.7 - 3.0 > 3.02 Total Dissolved Solids in mg/l < 450 450 - 2000 > 20003 Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) < 3 3 - 9 > 94 Chloride in me/l < 4 4 - 10 > 105 Boron in mg/l < 0.7 0.7 - 3.0 > 3.06 Nitrogen (NO 3 - N) in mg/l < 5 5 - 30 > 307 Bicarbonate (HCO 3 ) in me/l < 1.5 1.5 - 8.5 > 8.58 pH Normal Range 6.5 - 8.4Designated-Best-UseIrrigationTable 2: Irrigation Water Quality Criteria Classification (CWPCB)Class ofwaterECriteria1. pH between 6.0 to 8.52. Electrical Conductivity at 25°C in micro- mhos/cm Max.22503. Sodium absorption Ratio Max. 264. Boron Max. 2mg/lInternational Journal of Earth Sciences and EngineeringISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 03, No. 03, June 2010, pp. 398-408

402Mapping of Water and Soil Quality Parameters for Irrigation UsingRemote Sensing and GISSoil Fertility and Fertilizers:For satisfactory crop yield, soils must havesufficient plant nutrients, such as Nitrogen,Carbon, Hydrogen, Iron, Oxygen,Potassium, Phosphorous, Sulphur, andMagnesium and so on. Plants absorbNitrogen in the form of soluble Nitrates.Phosphorus serves as the stock of energyexchange within the plant itself. Potassiumis also essential for plant growth. Potassiumis known to be essential for proteinsynthesis and enzyme activation. If anyelement is missing, abnormal patterns ofgrowth may be expected. Excessiveamounts of useful plant nutrients such assodium nitrate and Potassium Nitrate maybecome toxic to plants. Saline soils delay orprevent crop germination and also reducethe amount and rate of plant growthbecause of the high osmotic pressures whichdevelop between the soil water solution andCase Study:Table 3: Fertility Classification of Soil (ICAR)the plants. These pressures adversely affectthe ability of the plant to absorb water.Alkaline soils tend to have inferior soilstructure due to swelling of the soilparticles. This changes the permeability ofthe soil. Bacterial activity is directly affectedby the soil moisture, soil structure and thesoil aeration. The suitability of water forirrigation is also influenced by theconstituents of the soil which is to beirrigated and the crops to be grown. This isso because water with certain ingredientsmay be harmful for irrigation on a particularsoil but the same water may be tolerable oreven useful for irrigation on some other soil.As per the literature (Hand book ofAgriculture, Indian Council for AgriculturalResearch (ICAR), New Delhi), the followingare the recommendations of fertilityclassification of soil.SuitabilityFertility ClassificationLowkg/haMediumkg/haHighkg/haNitrogen (ORGANIC CARBON) 0.75%Phosphate (P 2 O 5 ) 55Potash (K 2 O) 300The present study aims at determining theeffect of soil and water quality on crop yieldin the Vrishabavathi Valley, on the southernpart of Bangalore. The topographic map ofstudy area is shown in Fig.(1). This valley,receives water from Southwestern end ofBangalore city. While the original river hasdried up, it is carrying industrial effluentsand sewage water from about hundredsmall-scale industries of various kinds. Itreceives improperly treated and/oruntreated effluents and domestic wastewater from the treatment plant of BangaloreWater Supply and Sewage Board (BWSSB).The surface water is accessible for irrigationin the study area. It is highly polluted withsewage and effluents. The groundwater isthe source for agriculture in the area. Amajority of the farmers use dug wells & borewells for irrigating crops in addition tosurface waters. In recent years,contamination of groundwater too hasemerged as a severe issue in the localityconstraining its use.Figure 1: Topographic Map of the StudyAreaInternational Journal of Earth Sciences and EngineeringISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 03, No. 03, June 2010, pp. 398-408

K. R. SURESH, M. A. NAGESH and ABHIRAM SHANKAR403Methodology Adopted:The quality of the surface and groundwateris assessed by, physico-chemical analysis ofboth surface and groundwater during July2008. The water samples and soil sampleswere collected on both sides of the stream.The length of the stream considered in thestudy area is from Kumbalgod toByramangala and is found to be 13.67 KM. Atotal of 122 samples were taken to assessthe irrigation water quality. Each samplewas analyzed for parameters like pH,Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total DissolvedSolids (TDS), Cat-ions like Calcium (Ca),Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na), Potassium(K), anions like Chloride (Cl) and heavymetals like Iron. Similarly a total of 122 soilsamples were taken to assess the soil. Thesoil is analyzed for pH, EC, Nitrogen,Phosphorous and Potassium. Theparameters obtained from the analysis arecompared with the fertility classification ofsoil (ICAR).Analysis of Data:The river water and ground water sampleparameters are compared with FAO andCWPCB specifications.International Journal of Earth Sciences and EngineeringISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 03, No. 03, June 2010, pp. 398-408

404Mapping of Water and Soil Quality Parameters for Irrigation UsingRemote Sensing and GISFollowing are the observations:• EC: out of 122 water samples, 32samples are found to have high suitability,90 samples have medium suitability while nosamples have low suitability for irrigation.• SAR: 1 sample is found to have highsuitability, 80 samples have mediumsuitability while the remaining 31 sampleshave low suitability for irrigation.• pH: 119 samples are found to besuitable, while the remaining 3 sampleswere less suitable for irrigation at thesepoints, Bicarbonate content is too high. Thisshows that Bicarbonates affect the pHvalues.• Iron: 21 samples are found to be highlysuitable, 70 samples are medium suitableand the remaining 31 samples are lowsuitable for irrigation.• Clorides: 36 samples are found to havehigh suitability, 5 samples have mediumsuitability while the remaining 81 sampleshave low suitability for irrigation.• Similarly, the soil samples are analyzedfor parameters like Nitrogen, Phosphorous,Potash, pH and Electrical conductivity. Thevalues are compared with the guidelinesgiven by ICAR.Observations:Nitrogen: Out of the 122 soil samples, 1sample falls in the category of highlysuitable category, 41 samples fall inmedium while the remaining fall in lowsuitable category.• Phosphorous: 71 samples fall in highlysuitable category, 20 samples in mediumand the remaining samples fall in lowsuitable category.International Journal of Earth Sciences and EngineeringISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 03, No. 03, June 2010, pp. 398-408

K. R. SURESH, M. A. NAGESH and ABHIRAM SHANKAR405• Potassium: There are no samples fall inthe high suitable category, 18 samples fall inmedium suitable while the remainingsamples fall in the low suitable category.• The electrical conductivity and the pH ofmost of the samples fall under the highlysuitable category.• The results of the soil and water analysisare integrated onto a GIS platform using ArcGIS software of Environmental SystemsResearch Institute Inc (ESRI, 1999). Whileintegrated with GIS, the irrigation waterquality and soil quality details of the studyarea provide real-time spatial information tothe decision maker and the end users.Thematic Maps Generated from theAnalysis are Shown below:International Journal of Earth Sciences and EngineeringISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 03, No. 03, June 2010, pp. 398-408

406Mapping of Water and Soil Quality Parameters for Irrigation UsingRemote Sensing and GISInternational Journal of Earth Sciences and EngineeringISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 03, No. 03, June 2010, pp. 398-408

K. R. SURESH, M. A. NAGESH and ABHIRAM SHANKAR407Conclusions:1. SAR values all along the valley and thedownstream side of Byramangala falls underthe category of medium and severe. Thisindicates Sodium is dominating over othercat ions like Calcium and Magnesium.2. The EC values at all the sample pointsfall in to the category of medium. Thiscoupled with SAR will reduce thepermeability of the soil.3. The iron content is high at all the samplepoints.4. There is a deficit in Nitrogen andPotassium content in the most of the soilsamples.5. The output maps may help the Decisionmakers for easy visual interpretation of soiland water quality, distribution and remedialmeasures that may be necessary.Acknowledgments:The authors sincerely thank theManagement of BMS College of Engineering,Bangalore for sponsoring this project underTEQIP, Govt. of India. The authors alsoacknowledge Mr. Sujith, Mr. Varun, Miss.Namitha & Mr. Vishnu for their constant helpthroughout the project.References:[1] Aller, L., Bennett, T., Lehr, J. H., Petty,R. J., & Hackett, G.(1987). DRASTIC: AInternational Journal of Earth Sciences and EngineeringISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 03, No. 03, June 2010, pp. 398-408

408Mapping of Water and Soil Quality Parameters for Irrigation UsingRemote Sensing and GISstandardized system for evaluatinggroundwater pollution potential using hydrogeologicalsettings, Prepared for the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, Office ofResearch and Development, EPA-600/2-87-035, National Water Well Association,Dublin, Ohio.[2] Alloway, B. J., & Ayres, D. C. (1993).Chemical principles of environmentalpollution. Oxford, UK: Blackie Academic andProfessional. An imprint of Chapman andHall, 291 p.[3] Ayers, R. S. (1977). Quality of water forirrigation. Journal of Irrigation and DrainageDiv. ASCE, 103(IR2), 135–154.[4] Ayers, R. S., & Westcot, D. W. (1985).Water quality for agriculture, FAO Irrigationand Drainage Paper No. 29, Rev. 1, U. N.Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.[5] Bohn, H. L., McNeal, B. L., & O_Connor,G. A. (2001). Soil chemistry, 3rd edition.New York: Wiley, 320 p.[6] Celalettin Simsek & Orhan Gunduz(2007) IWQ Index: A GIS-IntegratedTechnique to Assess Irrigation WaterQuality, Environ monit Assess, SpringerScience, 128:277-300.[7] Crook, J. (1996). Chapter 21: Waterreclamation and reuse. In L. W. Mays (Ed.),Water resources handbook (pp. 21.1–21.36). New York: McGraw Hill.[8] Debels, P., Figueroa, R., Urrutia, R.,Barra, R., & Niell, X.(2005). Evaluation ofwater quality in the Chillan River EnvironMonit Assess (2007) 128:277–300 299[9] Eaton, F. M. (1935). Boron in soil andirrigation waters and its effects on plants,with particular references to the San JoaquinValley of California, U.S. Department ofAgriculture Technical Bulletin No. 448,Washington, District of Columbia, 131 p.[10] ESRI. (1999). Getting to know ArcView GIS (3rd ed.).California: ESRI.[11] Evangelou, V. P. (1998).Environmental soil and water chemistry:Principles and applications. Wiley, 592 p.[12] Farid, A. T. M., Roy, K. C., Hossain,K. M., & Sen, R. (2003).A study of arseniccontaminated irrigation water and its carriedover effect on vegetable. In M. F. Ahmed, M.A.Ali, & Z. Adeel (Eds.), Fate of arsenic inthe environment (pp. 113–120), Dhaka,Bangaldesh.[13] Fedkiw, J. (1991). Nitrate occurrencein U.S. waters and related questions: Areferenced summary of published sourcesfrom an agricultural perspective.Washington, District of Columbia: U.S.Department of Agriculture.[14] Fernandez, G. P., Chescheir, G. M.,Skaggs, R. W., & Amatya,D. M. (2002). AGIS based lumped parameter water qualitymodel. Transactions of the ASAE, 45, 593–600.[15] Hand book of Agriculture,(2008)ICAR, New Delhi.[16] Horton, R. K. (1965). An indexnumber system for rating water quality.Journal of Water Pollution ControlFederation, 37, 300–306.[17] Kalavrouziotis, I. K., & Drakatos, P.A. (2002). Irrigation of certainMediterranean plants with heavy metals.International Journal of Environment andPollution, 18, 294–300.[18] Kwiatkowski, J., Marciak, L. C.,Wentz, D., & King, C. R.(1995). Salinitymapping for resource management withinthe County of Wheatland, Alberta,Conservation and Development Branch,Alberta Agriculture, Food and RuralDevelopment, Edmonton, 22 p.[19] Bornova-Izmir: UniversityPress.Tanji, K. K. (1990). AgriculturalSalinity Assessment and Management,American Society of Civil Engineers. Manualsand Reports on Engineering PracticeNumber71, 619 p.[20] Ritchie J.T (1974) Atmospheric andsoil water influence on the plant waterbalance, Agri.Mete., 14, pp 183-198.[21] Ritjeme P.E and Abou Khaled A.(1995) Crop water use: Research on cropwater use, salt affected soils and drainage inArab republic of Egypt.[22] Todd, D. K., & Mays, L. W. (2004).Groundwater hydrology (3rd ed.). New York:Wiley, 656 p.[23] Wilcox, L. V. (1948). The quality ofwater for irrigation use, U.S. Department ofAgriculture Circular No. 962, Washington,District of Columbia, 40 p.[24] Wilcox, L. V. (1955).Classificationand use of the irrigation waters, U.S.Department of Agriculture Circular No. 969,Washington, District of Columbia, 19 p.International Journal of Earth Sciences and EngineeringISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 03, No. 03, June 2010, pp. 398-408