Prospects for Coal Briquettes as a Substitute Fuel for Wood and ...

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2 64 29.7 25.4 8.1 Africu Latin ,Am Asia 1.3 *- Developed World Fig. 1. Percentage of traditional fuels in total energy consumption
3 The priincipal causes of deforestatdon in developing countrjes usual 7y can be attributed to three factors: (1) the clearing of land for subsistence and pl antatian agriculture; (2) the production of charcoal to meet rapidly rising demands by urban populations; and (3) excesslve and inefficient commerci a1 timber harvssti ng for domestic and export construction and manufacturing IndJstries. The demand for fisewoood by rural populations is generally not the maJw cause of deforestation. Rural firewood demand is often characterized by the cuttfng of branches from live trees, shrubsr and bushesI and gathering of seed wood and does not always require the destruction of whole trees. In HaitSr for exampl er studies indicate that househol d caoki ng is done most often with scavenged deadwood, On the other hand, mal 1 industri a1 and cmmerci al fuelwood consumer^ in Haiti do cut 1 ive trees. C, THE ENVIRONMENTAL PND S0CIOEC:ONQMIC IMPACTS OF DEFORESTATION ARE BOTH PERVASIVE MD CQIU(PLEY. The rate of deforestation has been esttmated at about 7.3 rnilll’an hectares per year for tropical forasts and about 4 mill ion hectares per year in semi-arid regions.C81 New wood suppl ies frm reforestation programs have had 1 ittle real impact to date. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FA01 estimates that for every ten hectares of cl eared forest there is only one hectar.9 reg1 anted, C 63 The environmental impacts of land clearance are cumulative and usually begin with reduced i nf il trati on ratesl increased w ater runof fl and i ncreased soi 1 temperatures. Water and w ind erosion quickly sets In motion an al most Irreversible process of soil degradation. In West Africap soil loss from cultivated fields is as much as 6300 times greater than that for forest land; in Senegal8 soil loss from grounanut cultivation is nearly 750 times greater than that for dry forest.LJ.51 Deforestation also reduces up1 and water storage and Intensifies sll tati on of reservoi rs and rivers resultfng in higher fncidences of seasonal flooding, whr”ch leads to additional soil erosion. Mareoverl the removal af bush vegetation in arid and semi-arid regions contributes to the onslaught of deserti f icati on. In some areas8 particul arl y the Indi an subcontl nent, the rural population has turned to the burning of‘ dung and agricultural residues, The use of these fuels deprives the land of crucially needed nutrients and soil condittoners. The end result is a dramatic decline in agricul tural product-ivity--the backbone of a1 1 devel oping countries. Reduced agrdcul tural productivity sets i n motion a cycl e of unempl oyment and underemployment that serves only to accelerate the mlgrall’an of rural populations to overly crwdad urban centers. The scarclty of fuel wood al so means that wood gatherersr primarily wmen and chS1 dt-en, must now spend consdderably more time in search of feaelwaod, For exampl el in up3 and areas of Nepal househol ds are spendfng fr workdays per year on firewood col‘~lec-tian, and up to 300 workdays pes year l”n some parts of Tanzania hay& been abserved.Cl 1 The scarcity of wood hasr in most urban areass resulted in the creation of markets for fuelwood. These markets have placed a heavy burden on the cash resources of the rural and poor urban populations. In the capital of
Page 1 and 2: 3 4456 000Ltb4’7 5 77 b
Page 3: ORNL/T&977 0 IN U. S. PROSPECTS FOR
Page 7: LIST OF TPBLES Tabl e 1. FA0 qualit
Page 11: AB STR ACT Fuel wood shortages and
Page 14 and 15: 111" KELESS COAL BRIQUETTES AS A PO
Page 17: I. A. A.I.D. IS ~~R~~~~ ON A F5RCBL
Page 21 and 22: 5 F. COAL BRIQUETTING PROVIDES Ah1
Page 23 and 24: 7 R u ra I pop u I uti o n s Year t
Page 25 and 26: 9 Table 1. (Continued) Oman Tuni si
Page 27 and 28: 11 Table 2. Coal availability ‘ln
Page 29 and 30: A. SONE COAL BRIQUETTING TECHNIQUES
Page 31 and 32: 15 is coal carbonization, convertin
Page 33 and 34: 17 coal briquettes could be subsi d
Page 35 and 36: 19 inner char is found that can be
Page 37 and 38: V. THE POTEl!UILLFOR CCEAL.B.RIQUET
Page 39 and 40: 23 Tab1 e 4. Potenti al of A. I. D.
Page 41 and 42: 25 must be ascertained. The locatio
Page 43 and 44: 27 country government, this involve
Page 45: 29 significant amount of fuel, and
Page 48 and 49: A-2 Organic and inorganic binders e
Page 50 and 51: A-4 thi5 tmpsrature to assure fairl
Page 52 and 53: B-2 modern ut11 ity plants is 20-40
Page 55 and 56: APPENDIX C REVIEW OF CON BRIQUETTIN
Page 57 and 58: c-3 creating severe probl ems for t
Page 59 and 60: C-5 mining. Coal deposits of higher
Page 61 and 62: c -7 The availability of coal for d
Page 63 and 64: Tab1 e C.6. Fuel woad energy bal an
Page 65 and 66: c-13 -. The country is an oil expor
Page 67 and 68: c-1s transportation, and for metal
Page 69:
c-15 Table C.8. Fuelwood energy bal
Page 72 and 73:
R-2 12. 14. 14. 15. 16 Ne1 son, S.
Page 75 and 76:
ORNL/TM-9770 IN TERN PL D I S TR IB
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Prospects for Coal Briquettes as a Substitute Fuel for Wood and ...

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