Prospects for Coal Briquettes as a Substitute Fuel for Wood and ...

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24 VI. A. IMPL EKNTING SWKEL ESS COAL BRIQUETTING IN A. I. D ASSISTED COUNTRIES WILL BE SASED ON EXPERIENCES GAINED BY A.I.D. IN HAITI AND PAKISTAN. A. 1. D. Wash i ngton/Of fice of Energy w i l l be gaining experiences on smokeless coal briquetting technology and market potential in two wldely dispersed and different developlng countries Wait1 and Pakistan. Prior work in Haiti has confirmed the existence of a substantial lignite resourcer and the need for a fuelwaod/charcoal replacement has been demonstrated. In January 1985, pl annlng began to sampl e and analyze the coal define the technical aspects of carbonization needed, perform market studies, define the need for a pilot plant, look at potential byproduct recoveryr and investigate other aspects of imp1 menting smokel ess coal briquetti ng. In Pakistan, the A. I.D, Mission provided plans in October 1904 for i ni ti a1 steps to i mpl ment moke? ess coal br iq uetti ng there. These i nvol ve assessi ng the capabi 1 iti es of 1 oca1 market research f i rms, surveying consumers and retail ers, identifying the potential market segments, undertaking a %eedg8 market with private di stri butors using smokel ess coal briq uettes prov ided by A. I. D. /GOP, and expl ori ng the possi bil ity of amy procur en% of the briquettes. As the work goes on in these first two countrfes to implement smokeless coal briquette manufacturing and rnarketi ng, the experience gai ned by ashington w i l l prove highly useful in application to other A.I.D. countries. In advance of these experiencesr many ideas have been presented to help insure the success of smokeless coal briquetting, and they have been organized in this sectfon into an action pl an or set sf strategi es for real izing the potenti sal far coal briquetti ng i n A. I. D. assi sted countries, 8. FIVE STEPS ARE NECESSARY 79 SUCCESSFULLY IMPLEENT SMOKELESS COAL BRIOUETTING AND MARKETING IN A. I.D. @BUNTRIES. THESE INCLUDE A RESOURCE EVALUATION, A MARKET ASSESSMENT, A TECHNOLEY ASSESSMENT, A SNDY OF GOVERNMENT POLICY AND PLANNING, AFID PACKAGING INWE IDEA FOR ME PRIVATE SECTOR TO IMPLEMENT. 1. . This prospectus has ecl to pull together i nf resources in A. I. D. co to demonstrate the promise of this idea, Howeverl more detailed work on deposits necessary in individual countries planning to implement the strategy. The sims and workabil ity of coal deposits frm a geological standpoint
25 must be ascertained. The location of coal deposftsr economic vdabil ity, and proximity to existing transportation systems and markets must a1 so be defined. The coal deposits' location and their proximity to existing Infrastructure w i l l affect the cost of the coal briquetting technology. 2. -W&KFT ASS-T. In order to determine the best candidate communities and users8 a market feasibil ity study should be undertaken. Where feasible, a prel iminary step to carrying out the market study would be to assess the capabilities of local market research flrmsj one of these firms could implement the actual study. The market assessment i tsel f shoul d i ncl ude examinati on of the target popul ati on8 socioeconomic and cultural characteristics (particularly with respect to cookinglr urban fuel user fuel prices, and obstacles to acceptance of the new coal-based fuel, etc. The ma.rket study should begin with a thorough assessment of current fuels used, their sourcesI their prices, and the quantities used per year. The assessment w i l l in most cases occur in selected urban centers for reasons noted below. The fuel types and quantities will affect the volume of coal and bricuettes that can pstentlally penetrate the market. The prices of alternative fuels w i l l be a primary determinant of the potential of smDkeless coal briquettes. Not only the current pricer but a near-term fcirecast of fuel prices and quantities would be helpful in determining the necessary entry price for coal briquettes. A1 so, determining the current sources of firwood and charcoal supply would help evaluate the potential for smokeless coal briquettes to penetrate the fuel use market and reduce deforestation. An assessment of the country's demographics and a particul as examination of the target populationfs socioeconomic and cultural make-up are a second part to the market study. Examination of the proportion of people in cities versus those in rural areas and the distribution of the inhabitants in these settings w ill affect the market potentlal of briquettes. It seems clear that in most countrfes, the initial introduction of smoke1 ess coal briquettes w 111 take pl ace in urban areas? both to take advantage of a concentrated market and because the fuelWood deficiencies are most acute in cities. Also9 the rural population may not be in a commercial firewood market, and generating a commerci a1 market for briquettes coul d be di fficul t. The market assessment should examine energy use by fuel type in different economic Sectors, incl udi ng househol dsr commerci a1 establ ishments, small industries, and pub1 ic institutions. The: potenti a1 for substitution of smoke1 ess coal briquettes in each of these sectors must be eval uated. Besides pricer one highly significant factor for substitution possibil ities is consumer acceptance. What characteristics must the briquette have to obtain acceptance, e.g. sizet shapet ignitibil ity, packagiEg, distribution points, needs for new equipment? How does the user feel about using smokeless coal relative to the current fuel used? One approach is to conduct surveys of certain sectorsp say the househol d and commerci a1 sectors. These surveys assessi ng the potenti a1 acceptance of smoke1 ess coal briquettes cou7 d be tied together with the information gathering on current fuel use and prices.
Page 1 and 2: 3 4456 000Ltb4’7 5 77 b
Page 3: ORNL/T&977 0 IN U. S. PROSPECTS FOR
Page 7: LIST OF TPBLES Tabl e 1. FA0 qualit
Page 11: AB STR ACT Fuel wood shortages and
Page 14 and 15: 111" KELESS COAL BRIQUETTES AS A PO
Page 17 and 18: I. A. A.I.D. IS ~~R~~~~ ON A F5RCBL
Page 19 and 20: 3 The priincipal causes of deforest
Page 21 and 22: 5 F. COAL BRIQUETTING PROVIDES Ah1
Page 23 and 24: 7 R u ra I pop u I uti o n s Year t
Page 25 and 26: 9 Table 1. (Continued) Oman Tuni si
Page 27 and 28: 11 Table 2. Coal availability ‘ln
Page 29 and 30: A. SONE COAL BRIQUETTING TECHNIQUES
Page 31 and 32: 15 is coal carbonization, convertin
Page 33 and 34: 17 coal briquettes could be subsi d
Page 35 and 36: 19 inner char is found that can be
Page 37 and 38: V. THE POTEl!UILLFOR CCEAL.B.RIQUET
Page 39: 23 Tab1 e 4. Potenti al of A. I. D.
Page 43 and 44: 27 country government, this involve
Page 45: 29 significant amount of fuel, and
Page 48 and 49: A-2 Organic and inorganic binders e
Page 50 and 51: A-4 thi5 tmpsrature to assure fairl
Page 52 and 53: B-2 modern ut11 ity plants is 20-40
Page 55 and 56: APPENDIX C REVIEW OF CON BRIQUETTIN
Page 57 and 58: c-3 creating severe probl ems for t
Page 59 and 60: C-5 mining. Coal deposits of higher
Page 61 and 62: c -7 The availability of coal for d
Page 63 and 64: Tab1 e C.6. Fuel woad energy bal an
Page 65 and 66: c-13 -. The country is an oil expor
Page 67 and 68: c-1s transportation, and for metal
Page 69: c-15 Table C.8. Fuelwood energy bal
Page 72 and 73: R-2 12. 14. 14. 15. 16 Ne1 son, S.
Page 75 and 76: ORNL/TM-9770 IN TERN PL D I S TR IB

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