Prospects for Coal Briquettes as a Substitute Fuel for Wood and ...

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16 and ash contents and high in fixed carbon that carbonization is unnecessary for a ,smoke1 ess fuel. Hwever, anthracites are re1 atively rare. E. THE COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH 3RIQUETTING PND CARBONIZING COAL INDICATE A SELLING PRICE FOR SNOKELESS COAL BRIQUETTES IN SOME URBAN AREAS THAT MAKE THEM CX)MPETITIVE W I T H FUELWOOD AND CHrnCQK. Fabuss and Tatm C6l estimate the costs of constructing a 100 metric ton par day (coal input) briquetting and carbonization plant for Pakistan. Whdfo this is a moderately sized plant and to a certaln extent tied to conditions found in Pakistanr a review of their estimates can give an idea of the econmic viabil ity of the coal brlquetting/carbonization techno1 ogy. The plant viwed in thelr scenario takes the path of an "intermediate technology." It would be capable of recovering the coal tar and oil, but none of the U~QUS liquors. The process off-gas would be used to generate 100% of the power rquirements for the plant. Uti1 izing Pakistan's high sulfur lignite coal, the briquettes would be formed without a binder, but 1 ime would have to be added prior to briquetting to reduce sul fur missions. The plant would have 66 tons per day output of mokel ess coal briquettes. The ratio of 100 tons per day coal input to 66 tons per day output of smokeless coal briquettes was figured for a ticular Pakistani coalr and other coals would give varying yields. ever, the PO0 to 66 ratio is In the middle of a range of about 55% to 75% that might be expected from various coals. Total investment costs, including the cost of installed equipment, site preparation, bui 1 di rigs, engi neeri ng and conti ngenci esa are put at 2,130,000 U.S. dollars (1982$). About half of this amount would be rqui red tn foreign exchange. Operating co~ts, including coalr 1 ime, 1 abor, mai ntenancep 1 oan reti r ent, a 25% prof it on these manufacturing costs, and transportation brlng the price of smokeles 1 briquettes to 1528 Pakistani rupees (Rs.) per metric ton of oil ival ent (TOE) anywhere within a one hundred mile radius of the plan By varying the scale of the plant, Fabuss and Tatcxn further estimate that the cost of smokeless coal briquettes per TOE would be Rs. 1622, Rs. 1466, and Rs. 1407 for plants with coal inputs of 25, 300, and 1,000 metric tons (tonnes) per dayr respectively. 3y c parison, fir ood costs a87 average of Rs. 2117/TOE. Thusl the coal briquetti ng/carbonination operation appears to be econcmical ly competitive, Moreover, this is the case without even considering the potential value of the coal tar byproduct. If a market for this can be found, wen if used only as boiler fuel, either plant profits could be raised or the price of the mokeless 1/ In 1982 when the cost estimates were mader 1 US$ equalled approximately 12 Rs. In 1985, the exchange rate is approximately 1 US$ t o 16 Rs.
17 coal briquettes could be subsi dized w 4th the by-product i ncme and brought to a yet lower level. Favorable economics for coal briquettes a1 so appear 1 ikely for two urban areas in Peru, namely Lima and Puancayo. brewer, this country provides an example where heavily subsidized kerosene might be displaced by smokeless coal briquettes. As smmarized in Table 3, the UNDP/World Bank estimate that coal briquettes a:; a cooking fuel would cost US$ 9.30 - 13.30 per capita per year.C1812/ By comparison, fuelwood used in an open fire costs US$ 10.80 - 15.00 per capita per year in Wuancayo and US$ 27.58 - 31.70 in Lima. Although the cost of a stove is not included in these estimates, the coal briquettes appear economically competitlve with fuelwood on an operating cost basis. With respect to kerosene, Table 3 indicates that it is cheaper than coal briquettesl but only because of a large subsidy. If the subsidy on kerosene were 7 ifted, coal briquettes could displace It as a cooking fuel, at least on a costof-fuel basis. Since kerosene is subsidized in other countries as well, this conclusion might be general. Table 3. Cooking fuel costs in Peru (US$ per capita per year) FUR- H U ANCA YO L LMA Wood used in open fire use in improved stove 10.80 - 15.00 27.50 - 31.70 5.40 - 11.20 13.80 - 23.70 C h a rcoal 33.90 5 8.50 Coal Briquettes 9.30 - 13.30 9.30 - 13.30 Kerosene w ith current subsidy unsubsi dized 7.70 21 .oo 7.70 18.50 Source: UNDP/Worl d Bank C181 - 2/ This translates into US$ 139 - 1!39 per TOE. Costs of other cooking fuel s are not trans? ated into dol'lars per TOE because the method used by the UNDP/World Bank to estimate their costs per capita per year involved different uti1 ization eff Iciencies for the different fuels. Giving a cost per TOE for all fuels would be misleading.
Page 1 and 2: 3 4456 000Ltb4’7 5 77 b
Page 3: ORNL/T&977 0 IN U. S. PROSPECTS FOR
Page 7: LIST OF TPBLES Tabl e 1. FA0 qualit
Page 11: AB STR ACT Fuel wood shortages and
Page 14 and 15: 111" KELESS COAL BRIQUETTES AS A PO
Page 17 and 18: I. A. A.I.D. IS ~~R~~~~ ON A F5RCBL
Page 19 and 20: 3 The priincipal causes of deforest
Page 21 and 22: 5 F. COAL BRIQUETTING PROVIDES Ah1
Page 23 and 24: 7 R u ra I pop u I uti o n s Year t
Page 25 and 26: 9 Table 1. (Continued) Oman Tuni si
Page 27 and 28: 11 Table 2. Coal availability ‘ln
Page 29 and 30: A. SONE COAL BRIQUETTING TECHNIQUES
Page 31: 15 is coal carbonization, convertin
Page 35 and 36: 19 inner char is found that can be
Page 37 and 38: V. THE POTEl!UILLFOR CCEAL.B.RIQUET
Page 39 and 40: 23 Tab1 e 4. Potenti al of A. I. D.
Page 41 and 42: 25 must be ascertained. The locatio
Page 43 and 44: 27 country government, this involve
Page 45: 29 significant amount of fuel, and
Page 48 and 49: A-2 Organic and inorganic binders e
Page 50 and 51: A-4 thi5 tmpsrature to assure fairl
Page 52 and 53: B-2 modern ut11 ity plants is 20-40
Page 55 and 56: APPENDIX C REVIEW OF CON BRIQUETTIN
Page 57 and 58: c-3 creating severe probl ems for t
Page 59 and 60: C-5 mining. Coal deposits of higher
Page 61 and 62: c -7 The availability of coal for d
Page 63 and 64: Tab1 e C.6. Fuel woad energy bal an
Page 65 and 66: c-13 -. The country is an oil expor
Page 67 and 68: c-1s transportation, and for metal
Page 69: c-15 Table C.8. Fuelwood energy bal
Page 72 and 73: R-2 12. 14. 14. 15. 16 Ne1 son, S.
Page 75 and 76: ORNL/TM-9770 IN TERN PL D I S TR IB

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