Prospects for Coal Briquettes as a Substitute Fuel for Wood and ...

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€3. APPROXIMATELY 50 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES REPORT GEGLOGICAL COAL RESOURCES. TWENTY-QNE A. I. D. COUNTRIES REPQRT COAL RESERVES. WERE ARE 17 A.I.D. COUNTRIES THAT ESPECIALLY APPEAR TO BE CANDIDATES FOR INTRODUCING COAL BRIQUETTES -- EIGHT IN AFRICA9 SEVEN IN ASIA? AND WQ IN LATIN AMERICA. Exploration of coal in developing countries has been very limited to date, and only began in earnest sfnce the second major 011 price increase in the late 1970s. Despite the lack of exploration, about 50 developing countries now report geol ogical coal resources and 19 have technically and econ ically-recoverabl e reserves. C253 The di stribution and size of proven coal reserves arer hwever, skewed and are concentrated in a few developing countries. To be sure, coal resources are broadly distributed throughout the world, and the reported occurrences of coal in the developing countries are widely recognized to be vast1 y understated. The availability and current production af coal in A. I.D. assisted countries is reported in Table 2, The data indicate that 21 A.I.D. countries have coal reserves. These coal reserve data are very encouragi ng, but devel opment of coal reserves has high f ront-end costs and long lead times. Consequently, the countries that have ongoing production or the potential for immediate development are 1 ikely to be the best candidates for coal briquetti ng. The A. I. D. assisted countries that appear to have the requisites for coal briquetting techno1 ogy ( i. e. , fuel wood deficiencies and availability of coal) are: Bots ana Bang1 adesh Haiti Morocco Burma Peru Niger Indi a Swaz 11 and Indonesi i9 Tanzani a Pakistan Zad re Phil ippines bambi a Thai 1 and Z i mba bw e
11 Table 2. Coal availability ‘ln A.I.D. assisted countries with fuel wood def ici enci es Resources Country ( MMtonnes) * Re se rv e s ( MMtonnesIY Production MMton nes 1 * AFRICA Botswana (1) Burundi (3) (1) Cameroon (3) Chad Dj ibouti GambSa (1) Ghana Gui nea Kenya (1) Lesotho (1) Ma daga sca r ( 21 Malawi (3) Mal i lclaur i tani a Niger (1) Rwanda (1) Senegal (1) Sierra Leone (3) Somalia (3) Sudan (1) Swaziland (3) Tanzania (1) Togo Uganda (1) Upper Vol ta Zaire (3) Zambia (1) Zimbabwe (1) 100,000 n. a. 500 -- -- n. a. I- n. a. n. a. 92 14 -- n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. 5 9 000 1,900 I- -- n. a. 73 228 29,000 17,000 n. a. n. a. -- -- n. a. -- -- n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. -- -- 12 n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. 1,620 304 -- -- n. a. n. a. 58 2,200 0.415 n. a. n. a. -- -- n. a. -- 2- n. a. n. a. L- n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a, n. a. 0.100 0.010 -- n. a. *... 0.108 0.610 3.20 NORM AFRICA 8 NEAR EAST Egypt (3) Jordan Lebanon Morocoo (1) Oman Tunisia (3) Yemen 80 -- -I 96 e- -.. n. a. n. a -- -- -- -- 0.750 n. a. LATIN AMERICA Bo1 iv .la (1)(2) Dominican Republ ic n. a. -- Eucador (3) 22 n. a. -- n. a. -- n. a. n. a.
Page 1 and 2: 3 4456 000Ltb4’7 5 77 b
Page 3: ORNL/T&977 0 IN U. S. PROSPECTS FOR
Page 7: LIST OF TPBLES Tabl e 1. FA0 qualit
Page 11: AB STR ACT Fuel wood shortages and
Page 14 and 15: 111" KELESS COAL BRIQUETTES AS A PO
Page 17 and 18: I. A. A.I.D. IS ~~R~~~~ ON A F5RCBL
Page 19 and 20: 3 The priincipal causes of deforest
Page 21 and 22: 5 F. COAL BRIQUETTING PROVIDES Ah1
Page 23 and 24: 7 R u ra I pop u I uti o n s Year t
Page 25: 9 Table 1. (Continued) Oman Tuni si
Page 29 and 30: A. SONE COAL BRIQUETTING TECHNIQUES
Page 31 and 32: 15 is coal carbonization, convertin
Page 33 and 34: 17 coal briquettes could be subsi d
Page 35 and 36: 19 inner char is found that can be
Page 37 and 38: V. THE POTEl!UILLFOR CCEAL.B.RIQUET
Page 39 and 40: 23 Tab1 e 4. Potenti al of A. I. D.
Page 41 and 42: 25 must be ascertained. The locatio
Page 43 and 44: 27 country government, this involve
Page 45: 29 significant amount of fuel, and
Page 48 and 49: A-2 Organic and inorganic binders e
Page 50 and 51: A-4 thi5 tmpsrature to assure fairl
Page 52 and 53: B-2 modern ut11 ity plants is 20-40
Page 55 and 56: APPENDIX C REVIEW OF CON BRIQUETTIN
Page 57 and 58: c-3 creating severe probl ems for t
Page 59 and 60: C-5 mining. Coal deposits of higher
Page 61 and 62: c -7 The availability of coal for d
Page 63 and 64: Tab1 e C.6. Fuel woad energy bal an
Page 65 and 66: c-13 -. The country is an oil expor
Page 67 and 68: c-1s transportation, and for metal
Page 69: c-15 Table C.8. Fuelwood energy bal
Page 72 and 73: R-2 12. 14. 14. 15. 16 Ne1 son, S.
Page 75 and 76: ORNL/TM-9770 IN TERN PL D I S TR IB

Prospects for Coal Briquettes as a Substitute Fuel for Wood and ...

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