Prospects for Coal Briquettes as a Substitute Fuel for Wood and ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

20 net savings of 490 rupees could be realized by the family in the flrst yeas of operation on coal-C1613/ The stove consists of two cylindrical, concentrlc compartments, the inner one being a smokeless coal combustion zonep and the outer one being an air-tight coal carbonization mane. Sized or briquetted coal is loaded in the outer zone to be carbonized fran the heat of burning smokeless coal in the inner zonep which al SO suppl ies cooking and space heating needs. The off-gases are mixed with air below the mokeless coal bed and thus consumed. The next day, the carbonized coal from the outer zone is consumed in the inner zone, while ne# coal is added to the outer compartment. The only disadvantages appear to be that the coal must be sized carefully, the optlmal stove design depends on the type of coal burned--a1 though a1 1 types are candi dates--and no by-product recovery is possi bl e. Thus, the CFRI smoke1 ess stove potenti a1 ly represents an extradordi nary innovation, being "a cl ean-burning, sel f- sustaining system in which tmorrewts [soft] coke is produced today, whilo the Csoft3 coke made yesterday is bafng consumed~~.C161 C. KOREANS HAVE USED RM ANTHRACITE CBfik BRIQUETTES EXTENSIVELY FOR COOKING AND HEATING. THE KOREANS STARTED CON BRIQUETTING IN 1930, AND THERE AF?E NCW APPROXIMATELY 20 LARGE BRIQUETTING PLANTS IN ME COUNTRY. Korean briquettes are comprised of 90% Korean anthracite and 10% Chinese coking coal, They are very large? by comparison to other coal briquettes, weighing approximately 8 to 16.5 pounds each. They are pressed at only 170 to 240 psi, and do not meet normal briquette compression strength criteria: they can be broken with the fingers, they crush when dropped, and probably would not stand up to weathering. They really art3 only Ita well compacted coal that is in a convenient form for hand1 iny. rlC61 It is important to note that the Korean experience could not be transferred to many other countries. First, anthracite (along with a mall amount of coking coal) is used to manufacture the Korean briquettes. As mentionedr anthracite can be used as a smokeless fuel for cooking without carbonization. However, anthracites are rare, and thus the Korean method of briquettl ng without carbonization cannot be transferred to many other countries. Second, the size of the Korean briquettes is abnormally large. Thls is because they use than for both cooking and heatingr involving a 24-hour operation. This would not be rqui red in most A. I. D. countries. In this examples Schwartz and Patm E161 have obviously assumed that a family using one tonne of soft coke per year would also use about one tonne of coal pet- year in the smokeless stove. Since there may be heat losses in converting from coal to soft coker thts nay not be compl etely accurate. Still, the econ ic advantage of the makeless cooking stove is large enough that thls should not change the concl usi on of quick cost recovery.
V. THE POTEl!UILLFOR CCEAL.B.RIQUETTETITU.TION JN A. I.D. ASSLSIED C m A. SIGNIFICANT OPPORTUNITIES EIST TO MITIGATE THE FUELWOOD CRISIS AROUND THE WORD. A PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION OF THE SEVENTEEN RE3 IOUSLY IDENTIFIED COUNTRIES INDICATES THAT FOUR APPEAR TO HAVE AN IMMEDIATE POTENTIN: BOTSANA, HAITII INDIA, AND PAKISTAN. ANOTHER ELEVEN COUNTRIES APPEAR TO HAVE A NEAR-TERM (3 TO 5 YEARS) POTENTIAL: INDONESIA, MIROCCO, NIGER, PERU, PHILIPPINES, ‘TANZANIA, THAILAND, SWAZILAND, ZAIRE, ZAIUBIA, AND ZIMBABWE. The pervasiveness of the fuel wood crisis among A. 1.5. assisted countries is exemplified by the fact that wily two African, one Near Eastern, seven Latin American, and one Asian country have satisfactory wood energy suppl ies. The reserves and production of coal in A. I. D. assisted countries were a1 so determined. Of the twenty-one previously identified countries sixteen have sane measure of current coal production and one country, Haiti has the potenti a1 for immedi ate coal devel opnent. Although the availability of coal is, of course, a necessary prerq ui site for substi tuti ng a smoke1 ess coal-derived fuel far f i rwood and charcoalp other factors are equally important. Among these are: (1) the nature of fuelwood use ard supply, (2) the location of coal deposits re1 ative to demand centers, (3) demographics, (4) the extent and adequacy of distribution systms, (5) markets, (6) the extent of government involvement in energy pl anni ngO and (7) the compati bil ity of fuel use with social custcxns. The examlnation of these seventeen countries is based solely on secondary data sources. The uniformity and consistency of information varies considerably among countries, and for saner information is not available. To be sure, sane countr;ies have a higher immediate potential for coal brlquetting techno1 ogy. Countries that have especially favorable ci rcwnstances are briefly discussed bel ow. Appendix C provides a more detailed examinatlon of the seventeen identified count r i es. In Africa, Botswana appears to have an immediate potential for coal briquetting. Botswana has large coal reserves and relatfvely lw coal extraction and transportation costs. Further, the population is concentrated in the eastern thirc of the country and is favorably located to railroads and roads. Bec:ause there is no charcoal productlon in the country, smokeless coal briquettes would have to substitute directly for firewood. Hwever, the diffusion of coal briquettes could be coordinated with the USAID program to develop and demonstrate fuelef f ici erst stoves. Morocco, Niger, Tanzani a, Zambial and Zimbabwe a1 1 have a nearterm potential that depends largely on the additional development of coal reserves. Information is not available on two 21
Page 1 and 2: 3 4456 000Ltb4’7 5 77 b
Page 3: ORNL/T&977 0 IN U. S. PROSPECTS FOR
Page 7: LIST OF TPBLES Tabl e 1. FA0 qualit
Page 11: AB STR ACT Fuel wood shortages and
Page 14 and 15: 111" KELESS COAL BRIQUETTES AS A PO
Page 17 and 18: I. A. A.I.D. IS ~~R~~~~ ON A F5RCBL
Page 19 and 20: 3 The priincipal causes of deforest
Page 21 and 22: 5 F. COAL BRIQUETTING PROVIDES Ah1
Page 23 and 24: 7 R u ra I pop u I uti o n s Year t
Page 25 and 26: 9 Table 1. (Continued) Oman Tuni si
Page 27 and 28: 11 Table 2. Coal availability ‘ln
Page 29 and 30: A. SONE COAL BRIQUETTING TECHNIQUES
Page 31 and 32: 15 is coal carbonization, convertin
Page 33 and 34: 17 coal briquettes could be subsi d
Page 35: 19 inner char is found that can be
Page 39 and 40: 23 Tab1 e 4. Potenti al of A. I. D.
Page 41 and 42: 25 must be ascertained. The locatio
Page 43 and 44: 27 country government, this involve
Page 45: 29 significant amount of fuel, and
Page 48 and 49: A-2 Organic and inorganic binders e
Page 50 and 51: A-4 thi5 tmpsrature to assure fairl
Page 52 and 53: B-2 modern ut11 ity plants is 20-40
Page 55 and 56: APPENDIX C REVIEW OF CON BRIQUETTIN
Page 57 and 58: c-3 creating severe probl ems for t
Page 59 and 60: C-5 mining. Coal deposits of higher
Page 61 and 62: c -7 The availability of coal for d
Page 63 and 64: Tab1 e C.6. Fuel woad energy bal an
Page 65 and 66: c-13 -. The country is an oil expor
Page 67 and 68: c-1s transportation, and for metal
Page 69: c-15 Table C.8. Fuelwood energy bal
Page 72 and 73: R-2 12. 14. 14. 15. 16 Ne1 son, S.
Page 75 and 76: ORNL/TM-9770 IN TERN PL D I S TR IB

Prospects for Coal Briquettes as a Substitute Fuel for Wood and ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?