Development of Circularly Polarized Microstrip ... - CEReS - åèå¤§å¦

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LIST OF FIGURES 3.6 Rectangular patch arrangements for circular polarization: (a) Through a power divider and (b) Through a 90 o hybrid (Balanis, 2005). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.7 Single-feed arrangements for circular polarization microstrip antennas: (a) Square, (b) Circular and (c) Elliptical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.8 Single feed circularly polarized microstrip antennas; (a) Nearly square patch and (b) Amplitude and phase of the two modes (Lee, S.K., et al., 2005). . . . . . . . 39 3.9 Geometry design of triple feed circular microstrip antenna. . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.10 Linearly polarized wave on triple feed circular microstrip antenna. . . . . . . . . 41 3.11 Linear array geometry (Balanis, 2005). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.12 Geometry of a planar array. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.13 Polar coordinates showing incremental solid angle dA = r 2 dΩ on the surface of a sphere of radius r where dΩ = solid angle subtended by the area dA. . . . . . . 47 3.14 Non-uniform amplitude arrays of even and odd number of elements (Balanis, 2005). 49 4.1 Design methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.2 Flow chart of the antenna fabrication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4.3 Diagram of required antenna measurement equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.4 Schematic of the antenna measurement system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.5 Photograph of antenna measurement in anechoic chamber at MRSL, Chiba University: (a) Array antenna and (b) Triple-fed antenna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.6 Antenna gain measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 5.1 The 3-way circular-sector-shaped power divider. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 5.2 Geometry design of proposed antenna; (a) top view and (b) side view. . . . . . . 66 5.3 Photograph of fabricated CMA: (a) triple proximity-fed and (b) circular radiator. 66 5.4 Simulation results showing the frequency dependence of the axial ratio (AR) of the CMA for various values of phase shift applied to the feeds. . . . . . . . . . . 67 5.5 Vector current distribution of the designed CMA for various phase values of the source, (a) φ s = 0 o , (b) φ s = 45 o , (c) φ s = 90 o , and (d) φ s = 135 o . . . . . . . . 68 5.6 The efficiency of the antenna configuration as a function of frequency. . . . . . . 68 5.7 Simulated and measured reflection coefficient vs. frequency. . . . . . . . . . . . 69 5.8 Simulated and measured input impedance (Z in ) plotted as a function of frequency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 5.9 Simulated and measured axial ratio (AR) vs. frequency at θ = 0 o . . . . . . . . . 70 5.10 Simulated and measured gain (G) vs. frequency at θ = 0 o . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 5.11 Measured and simulated radiation pattern of proposed antenna at f = 1.28 GHz: (a) in the y − z plane (Az = 90 o and 270 o ) and (b) in the x − z plane (Az = 0 o and 180 o ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.12 Configuration of the antenna array consisting of three blocks, each block having 2×2 element patches: (a) top view, and (b) side view. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 ix
LIST OF FIGURES 5.13 Photograph of the fabricated antenna: (a) feed network and (b) 2 × 6 radiation patch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.14 Geometry layout of a single piece of antenna array. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5.15 Simulated and measured reflection coefficient plotted as a function of frequency. . 78 5.16 Simulated and measured real input impedance (Z in ) plotted as a function of frequency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.17 Simulated and measured axial ratio (AR) plotted as a function of frequency. . . . 79 5.18 Relationship between antenna gain and frequency at θ angle = 0 o . . . . . . . . . 80 5.19 Array antenna characteristics in the theta plane (negative theta for Az = 180 o and positive for Az = 0 o ) (x − z plane) at f = 1.27 GHz: (a) gain versus theta angle, and (b) axial ratio versus theta angle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 5.20 Array antenna characteristics in the theta plane (negative theta for Az = 270 o and positive for Az = 90 o ) (y − z plane) at f = 1.27 GHz: (a) gain versus theta angle, and (b) axial ratio versus theta angle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 5.21 Cross polarization (E-left and E-right) of array antenna at f = 1.27 GHz. . . . . 83 5.22 RHCP array antennas: (a) configuration design and (b) photograph. . . . . . . . 84 5.23 Simulated and measured reflection coefficient plotted as a function of frequency. . 85 5.24 Simulated and measured axial ratio (AR) plotted as a function of frequency. . . . 86 5.25 Relationship between antenna gain and frequency at θ angle = 0 o . . . . . . . . . 86 5.26 Array antenna characteristics in the theta plane (negative theta for Az = 180 o and positive for Az = 0 o ) (x − z plane) at f = 1.27 GHz: (a) gain versus theta angle, and (b) axial ratio versus theta angle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.27 Geometry of the proposed antenna: (a) top and side view and (b) 3D view. . . . 89 5.28 Reflection coefficient plotted as a function of frequency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5.29 Axial ratio (AR) plotted as a function of frequency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5.30 Relationship between antenna gain and frequency at θ angle = 0 o . . . . . . . . . 90 5.31 Radiation pattern of the antenna at f = 1.27 GHz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 5.32 Axial ratio plotted as a function of theta angle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 5.33 A 3D beam pattern of the antenna at f = 1.27 GHz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 5.34 Dolph-Chebyshev array factor for five elements and λ 0 /2 spaced. . . . . . . . . . 94 5.35 Geometry design of the Dolph-Chebyshev array antenna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 5.36 Photograph of fabricated feed network and radiation patch. . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 5.37 Simulated and measured reflection coefficient plotted as a function of frequency. . 96 5.38 Simulated and measured VSWR plotted as a function of frequency. . . . . . . . . 97 5.39 Simulated and measured axial ratio plotted as a function of frequency. . . . . . . 97 5.40 Relationship between antenna gain and frequency at θ angle = 0 o . . . . . . . . . 98 5.41 Array antenna characteristics in the theta plane (negative theta forAz = 180 o and positive for Az = 0 o ) (x − z plane) at f = 1.272 GHz, (a) normalized gain versus theta angle, and (b) axial ratio versus theta angle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 x
Page 1 and 2: Development of Circularly Polarized
Page 3 and 4: Abstract The discussion about devel
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgements First and foremost
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS 3 Circularly Polarized Mic
Page 9: List of Figures 1.1 Electric field
Page 13 and 14: List of Tables 2.1 Parameters of CP
Page 15 and 16: in linear polarization has some fla
Page 17 and 18: polarization (RHCP) and left-handed
Page 19 and 20: BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibliography [1] Birk
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 2 Circularly Polarized Synt
Page 23 and 24: generates all the necessary timing
Page 25 and 26: line platform flight trajectory is
Page 27 and 28: Figure 2.6: Range ambiguities: Port
Page 29 and 30: Substituting (2.12) and (2.13) into
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.9: Basic principle of aper
Page 33 and 34: CP-SAR geometry, the slant range ,
Page 35 and 36: Figure 2.12: The required (a) θ EC
Page 37 and 38: 2.5.2 Design of CP-SAR system 2.5.2
Page 39 and 40: BIBLIOGRAPHY Figure 2.15: Design of
Page 41 and 42: BIBLIOGRAPHY [14] Steven Z., Unmann
Page 43 and 44: developments of novel microstrip an
Page 45 and 46: to feed or excite a microstrip patc
Page 47 and 48: defines as the ratio of the power g
Page 49 and 50: 3.2.6 Radiation pattern In the fiel
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.6: Rectangular patch arran
Page 53 and 54: diagonals axis. The area of the per
Page 55 and 56: By substitute eq. (3.7-3.9) to (3.1
Page 57 and 58: 3.4.1 Linear array Among the differ
Page 59 and 60: provide additional variables which
Page 61 and 62:
The beam area or solid angle or Ω
Page 63 and 64:
2005). An array of even number of i
Page 65 and 66:
BIBLIOGRAPHY m = 8 cos(mu) = 128z 8
Page 67 and 68:
BIBLIOGRAPHY [21] Rahmani M., Tavak
Page 69 and 70:
Figure 4.1: Design methodology. 56
Page 71 and 72:
Figure 4.2: Flow chart of the anten
Page 73 and 74:
Figure 4.3: Diagram of required ant
Page 75 and 76:
easy if you have the right equipmen
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Chapter 5 Results and Discussion 5.
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 5.2: Geometry design of prop
Page 81 and 82:
terminals during the radiation proc
Page 83 and 84:
5.1.4 Radiation characteristic The
Page 85 and 86:
Figure 5.11: Measured and simulated
Page 87 and 88:
the physical length, L, and the eff
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 5.13: Photograph of the fabr
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 5.15: Simulated and measured
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In Figure 5.18, the antenna gain wi
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 5.20: Array antenna characte
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Figure 3 shows the design and photo
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Figure 5.24: Simulated and measured
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5.4 Broadband circularly polarized
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Figure 5.29: Axial ratio (AR) plott
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Figure 5.33: A 3D beam pattern of t
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Figure 5.34: Dolph-Chebyshev array
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measurement, respectively. Such deg
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Figure 5.40: Relationship between a
Page 113 and 114:
Figure 5.42: Array antenna characte
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BIBLIOGRAPHY single-feed circular m
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antenna for CP-SAR sensor. In the c
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List of Publications Peer-reviewed
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Curriculum Vitae YOHANDRI He was bo
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To perform an electromagnetic simul
Page 125 and 126:
are integrated into MGRID. PATTERN
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properly. After a rectangle is draw
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Figure B.5: Frequency sweep in simu
Page 131 and 132:
Figure B.8: Three-dimensional far-f
Page 133 and 134:
Figure C.1: (a) Seven Mini PCB Prot
Page 135 and 136:
Figure C.3: Etching tank and chemic
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