Development of Circularly Polarized Microstrip ... - CEReS - åèå¤§å¦

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CONTENTS 5.1.2 Parameter study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5.1.3 Input characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 5.1.4 Radiation characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5.2 LHCP array microstrip antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.2.1 Array antenna design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.2.2 Input characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5.2.3 Radiation characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 5.3 RHCP array microstrip antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5.3.1 Array antenna configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5.3.2 Input characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 5.3.3 Radiation characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 5.4 Broadband circularly polarized microstrip antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 5.4.1 Geometry design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 5.4.2 Antenna performances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 5.5 Low sidelobe level array Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 5.5.1 Dolph-Chebyshev synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 5.5.2 Geometry design of the antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 5.5.3 Simulated and measured results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 6 Conclusions 103 6.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 6.2 Future works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 List of Publications 106 Curriculum Vitae 108 Appendix A IE3D Electromagnetic Simulation 109 Appendix B HFSS Electromagnetic Simulation 113 Appendix C Antenna fabrication 119 vii
List of Figures 1.1 Electric field components for dihedral corner (Harold, 1986) . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Design of CP-SAR experiment onboard an UAV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 Information data on LP-SAR: (a) magnitude and (b) phase. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1 Basic principle of radar (Merrill, 2001). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2 Block diagram of fundamental radar system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.3 Basic principles of aperture synthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.4 Synthetic aperture radar geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.5 Azimuth ambiguities: Doppler frequency histories of targets A and B are equal due to aliasing about the sampling frequency of PRF (Li L.K. et al., 1983). . . . 13 2.6 Range ambiguities: Portions of the radar return from a previous pulse overlap the return from the present pulse (Li F.K. et al., 1983). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.7 The LHCP wave shown at a fixed instant of time (Warren L., 1993). . . . . . . . 15 2.8 Polarization of the waves: (a) linearly polarized, (b) Left-Hand Ellipse Polarized (LHEP) and (c) Right-Hand Ellipse Polarized (RHEP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.9 Basic principle of aperture synthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.10 Description of 3-dB axial ratio beamwidth for CP-SAR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.11 CP-SAR geometry: (a) slant range view and (b) azimuth plane view. . . . . . . . 20 2.12 The required (a) θ ECP and (b) θ ACP for 1 m image resolution. . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.13 Design of the UAV (unit in mm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.14 Unmanned aerial vehicles: (a) profile of UAV and (b) photograph. . . . . . . . . 25 2.15 Design of CP-SAR sensor onboard UAV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3.1 Basic geometry of microstrip antenna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.2 Various shapes of microstrip antennas (Girish and Ray, 2003). . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.3 The signal flow graph representation of a two-ports network network. (a) Defenition of incident and reflected wave. (b) Signal flow graph (Pozar, 2005). . . . . 32 3.4 Parameters in electromagnetic wave polarization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.5 Dual-feed (a) SMSA and (b) CMSA (Girish and Ray, 2003). . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 viii
Page 1 and 2: Development of Circularly Polarized
Page 3 and 4: Abstract The discussion about devel
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgements First and foremost
Page 7: CONTENTS 3 Circularly Polarized Mic
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES 5.13 Photograph of
Page 13 and 14: List of Tables 2.1 Parameters of CP
Page 15 and 16: in linear polarization has some fla
Page 17 and 18: polarization (RHCP) and left-handed
Page 19 and 20: BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibliography [1] Birk
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 2 Circularly Polarized Synt
Page 23 and 24: generates all the necessary timing
Page 25 and 26: line platform flight trajectory is
Page 27 and 28: Figure 2.6: Range ambiguities: Port
Page 29 and 30: Substituting (2.12) and (2.13) into
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.9: Basic principle of aper
Page 33 and 34: CP-SAR geometry, the slant range ,
Page 35 and 36: Figure 2.12: The required (a) θ EC
Page 37 and 38: 2.5.2 Design of CP-SAR system 2.5.2
Page 39 and 40: BIBLIOGRAPHY Figure 2.15: Design of
Page 41 and 42: BIBLIOGRAPHY [14] Steven Z., Unmann
Page 43 and 44: developments of novel microstrip an
Page 45 and 46: to feed or excite a microstrip patc
Page 47 and 48: defines as the ratio of the power g
Page 49 and 50: 3.2.6 Radiation pattern In the fiel
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.6: Rectangular patch arran
Page 53 and 54: diagonals axis. The area of the per
Page 55 and 56: By substitute eq. (3.7-3.9) to (3.1
Page 57 and 58: 3.4.1 Linear array Among the differ
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provide additional variables which
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The beam area or solid angle or Ω
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2005). An array of even number of i
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BIBLIOGRAPHY m = 8 cos(mu) = 128z 8
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [21] Rahmani M., Tavak
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Figure 4.1: Design methodology. 56
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Figure 4.2: Flow chart of the anten
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Figure 4.3: Diagram of required ant
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easy if you have the right equipmen
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Chapter 5 Results and Discussion 5.
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Figure 5.2: Geometry design of prop
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terminals during the radiation proc
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5.1.4 Radiation characteristic The
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Figure 5.11: Measured and simulated
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the physical length, L, and the eff
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Figure 5.13: Photograph of the fabr
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Figure 5.15: Simulated and measured
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In Figure 5.18, the antenna gain wi
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Figure 5.20: Array antenna characte
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Figure 3 shows the design and photo
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Figure 5.24: Simulated and measured
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5.4 Broadband circularly polarized
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Figure 5.29: Axial ratio (AR) plott
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Figure 5.33: A 3D beam pattern of t
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Figure 5.34: Dolph-Chebyshev array
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measurement, respectively. Such deg
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Figure 5.40: Relationship between a
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Figure 5.42: Array antenna characte
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BIBLIOGRAPHY single-feed circular m
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antenna for CP-SAR sensor. In the c
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List of Publications Peer-reviewed
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Curriculum Vitae YOHANDRI He was bo
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To perform an electromagnetic simul
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are integrated into MGRID. PATTERN
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properly. After a rectangle is draw
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Figure B.5: Frequency sweep in simu
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Figure B.8: Three-dimensional far-f
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Figure C.1: (a) Seven Mini PCB Prot
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Figure C.3: Etching tank and chemic
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