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Portable Generator Familiarization & Troubleshooting Guide Section 2 • Generator Components & Systems The Varistor Varistors are unique types of resistors that present high resistance to normal voltages and a low resistance to excessive voltages in circuits.You could call them “voltagesensitive. ” Figure 2.34 shows a silicone carbide resistor, along with its schematic symbol. This type of variable resistor is often used to protect diodes in a “bridge rectifier” (discussed later in this section) by permitting normal voltage to pass through diodes, but shunting excessively high voltages to ground. Figure 2.34 — A Silicone Carbide Varistor 30
Portable Generator Familiarization & Troubleshooting Guide Section 2 • Generator Components & Systems Transformers A transformer increases (steps up) or decreases (steps down) an applied voltage.Transformers use the principles of electromagnetic induction and, more precisely, mutual induction.An automobile ignition coil (as briefly discussed on page 7) is just one example of a transformer. A typical transformer consists of a metal core, which has two coils of wire wrapped around it.These are called the primary and secondary windings.To help understand the operation of a transformer, a discussion of mutual induction is offered here: If a changing (collapsing or expanding) magnetic field in one coil cuts across the windings of a second coil, a voltage is induced into the second coil.This is the principle of mutual induction. The winding in Figure 2.35 indicated by the letter “S” is wound over an iron core.This is the secondary winding. Another winding (called the primary winding) is wound over the first winding and is indicated by the letter “P.” When the switch is closed, current flow through the primary winding increases, which expands lines of magnetic force that cut across the secondary winding.This causes a voltage to be induced into the secondary winding in one direction. If the switch is opened, however, the sudden decrease in current flow through the primary winding (and the resulting collapse of magnetic lines of flux) also induces a voltage into the secondary winding in the other direction.The secondary winding then becomes a source of voltage and supplies (AC) current to resistor “R”.The magnitude of the voltage induced into the secondary winding is primarily determined by the number of turns in the primary (P) in relation to the secondary windings (S). For Example: (Both windings using the same wire size) If 12VAC is applied to the primary winding and the secondary winding has 100 times as many turns of wire as the primary, the secondary voltage is about (12 X 100) = 1200VAC. Figure 2.35 — The Principle Of Mutual Induction 31
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