WHO Technical Report Series, No. 981 - World Health Organization

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WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations Forty-seventh report WHO Technical Report Series No. 981, 2013 62 1. Introduction 1.1 Background and scope In most countries compliance with good manufacturing practices (GMP) (1, 2) (including validation), medicines regulatory activities and inspections, together with supply chain controls throughout the product life-cycle, provide good assurance that risks are largely controlled. However, where control is less effective, patients may be put at risk through the production of medicines of inadequate quality. The assessment of individual risks related to specific products and starting materials and the recognition of hazards at specific stages of production or distribution should permit regulatory authorities to improve control of medicines by increasing the effectiveness of their activities within the limits of the available resources. Quality risk management (QRM) is a process that is relevant to all countries and should provide a rationale to understand risk and mitigate it through appropriate and robust controls. The aim of these guidelines is to assist the development and implementation of effective QRM, covering activities such as research and development, sourcing of materials, manufacturing, packaging, testing, storage and distribution. In the past, hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) methodology, traditionally a food safety management system but subsequently applied to other industries, has been the basis of WHO risk management guidance to the pharmaceutical industry (3). More recently international guidance has emerged (2, 4–7) that is of specific relevance to the pharmaceutical industry and which addresses the full scope of pharmaceutical industry QRM more effectively than HACCP principles, including how to structure regulatory filings using a risk-based approach. Consequently, these WHO guidelines have been developed as an update on WHO's advice to the pharmaceutical industry, taking account of this new guidance. To protect patients in terms of quality, safety and efficacy of medicines, international medicines regulatory authorities (MRAs) are recommending pharmaceutical manufacturers to adopt a risk-based approach to the life-cycle of a pharmaceutical product. Some MRAs require the adoption of a risk-based approach for specific areas in the life-cycle of a pharmaceutical product, e.g. environmental monitoring in sterile products manufacture. The level of QRM activity and the density of associated documentation will evolve as the product progresses from early development through to routine production. QRM is the overall and continuing process of appropriately managing risks to product quality throughout the product's life-cycle in order to optimize its benefit–risk balance. It is a systematic process for the assessment, control, communication and review of risks to the quality of the medicinal product. It can be applied both proactively and retrospectively.
Annex 2 While the choice of the tools to support the QRM approach is optional and may vary, the tools chosen need to be appropriate for the intended use. In return for using this approach, there are potential opportunities for both MRAs and pharmaceutical manufacturers (8) as summarized in the following sections. ■■ Quality risk management (QRM) principles can be applied to both MRAs and pharmaceutical manufacturers: –– MRAs: systematic and structured planning of reviews and inspections that are risk-based. The submission review and inspection programmes can also operate in a coordinated and synergistic manner. –– Manufacturers: design, development, manufacture and distribution, i.e. the life-cycle of a pharmaceutical product. QRM should be an integral element of the pharmaceutical quality system (QS). ■■ Science-based decision-making can be embedded into QRM processes: –– MRAs: decisions regarding review, inspection or inspection frequency should consider product risk and GMP compliance of the manufacturer. The MRA accepts residual risks through understanding the QRM decisions involved. –– Manufacturers: quality decisions and filing commitments can be based on a science-based understanding of the process and QRM (when using the quality by design approach, and other approaches where appropriate). Its effective application should offer manufacturers greater freedom to decide how to comply with the principles of GMP and this, therefore, should encourage innovation. The control strategy for the process focuses on critical quality attributes and critical process parameters. ■■ Resources can be focused on risks to patients: – – MRAs: QRM can be used to determine the best allocation of inspection resources, both in terms of product types and for specific areas of focus for a given inspection. This enables the most efficient and effective scrutiny of the most significant health risks. Those manufacturers with poor histories of GMP compliance can also be more closely and frequently evaluated by on-site inspection than those manufacturers with better records. 63
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WHO Technical Report Series, No. 981 - World Health Organization

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