Molluscan Research: Techniques for collecting, handling, preparing ...

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48 GEIGER ET AL. (2007) MOLLUSCAN RESEARCH, VOL. 27 Mother of pearl, see nacre Mould.......................................................................................14, 43 Mountants, tackless picture............................................................15 MS222...................................................................................... 11, 44 MSDS...............................................................................................2 Mucus.......................................................................................14, 43 Mylar..............................................................................................15 Nacre ........................................................................................17, 21 NaOH, see sodium hydroxide Narcotisation.................................................. 2, 9–11, 39–40, 43–45 Needle holder ...............................................................................7–8 Needle, see also Pin .....................................8, 21–22, 24, 27–30, 32 Needle, tungsten.........................................................................8, 30 Nembutal........................................................................................44 NEM tape .......................................................................................18 Neogastropoda .........................................................................29, 32 Nicotine, see also Tobacco.............................................................40 Nipa ester, see Phenoxetol Niku-nuki .......................................................................................13 Nitric acid.................................................................................14, 43 Nitrocellulose.................................................................................44 Nitrogen, liquid.............................................................................. 11 Ontogeny..................................................................................26, 31 Operculum..............................................................12, 19, 24, 27, 44 Opisthobranch............................................................................9–10 Optics .......................................................................................33–35 Organic material................................................................. 11, 13, 26 Osmium tetroxide.....................................................................22, 44 Osmotic balance.............................................................................10 Paper, bleaching .............................................................................15 Paper, filter.....................................................................................29 Paper, heating.................................................................................15 Paper, label, see Labels Paper, surface .................................................................................14 Paper towel.........................................................................27, 29–30 Paper, types of..........................................................................14–15 Paraldehyde, para<strong>for</strong>maldehyde...............................................42, 45 Patellogastropoda.......................................10, 12, 22, 26–27, 32, 45 Pencil........................................................................................15, 17 Perchlorethylene ............................................................................16 Periostracum ............................................................................16, 43 Permits .......................................................................................9, 35 Personal preference..........................................................................2 Petri dish ........................................................................................ 11 pH.........................................................12–13, 17, 24, 26, 39–42, 45 Phenoxetol, phenoxy isopropanol..................................................44 Phosgene ........................................................................................42 Photographic paper, blackened ......................................................29 Photography .............................................................. 4, 5, 11, 32–35 Photography, optics, see Optics Picric acid.................................................................................39, 44 Pie pan............................................................................................ 11 Pigment ink ....................................................................................15 Pin, see also Needle .................................................. 6, 8, 29, 31, 35 Pin holder, see Needle holder Pipette ........................................................... 6, 7, 11, 21, 27–28, 30 Plankton net ...................................................................................10 Plastic box, see Box, plastic Plastic foam, see Foam, plastic Plastic, surface..........................................................................14, 27 Plasticine ........................................................................................35 Plasticiser........................................................................................15 Pliers...........................................................................................8, 12 Polycarbon......................................................................................12 Polyethylene ...................................................................................12 Polyplacophora.......................................................10, 12, 30, 40, 45 Polystyrene .....................................................................................15 Polyvinyl acetate, PVA see Glue, polyvinyl acetate Polyvinyl alcohol............................................................................44 Polyvinylchloride, PVC..................................................................15 Positioning......................................................................................35 Posture ........................................................................................6, 32 Potassium hydroxide ........................................21, 26–30, 32, 44–45 Preservation....................................................................................11 Prodissoconch.................................................................................22 Propylene glycol.......................................................................44–45 Propylene glycol monophenyl ether, Propylene phenoxetol, see Phenoxetol Protein, tanned..........................................................................17, 21 Proteinase K .............................................................................26–28 Protoconch....................................................................13, 22, 26, 31 Ptenoglossate ..................................................................................29 Pulmonata.................................................................................29, 42 Radula.................................................................................19, 22, 24 Radula extraction....................................................24, 26–29, 44–45 Radula mounting ................................................................29–32, 31 Rarefaction .......................................................................................9 Razor blade.............................................................................7–8, 21 Recrystallisation ...........................................................12, 26, 39, 45 Reference specimen, see Voucher Rehydration ....................................................................................22 Relaxation...........................................................................10–11, 22 Rhipidoglossate ..................................................................29–30, 32 Rock washing .............................................................................9–10 Saliva ........................................................................................14, 29 Salts ..........................................................................................14, 16 Sampling...........................................................................................9 Sand paper ........................................................................................8 Scalpel ..................................................................................7, 21, 24 Scintillation vial .............................................................................13 Scissors.......................................................................................7, 32 SCUBA.......................................................................................9–10 Sediment...........................................................................................9 SEM, animals .....................................................................22–24, 25 SEM, charging..........................................................................17–19 SEM, detectors .............................................................19, 20, 21, 22 SEM, environmental.......................................................................19 SEM, gun types ........................................................................15, 19 SEM, images ................................................................... 3, 5, 20, 23 SEM, mounting .............................................................17, 29–32 35 SEM, parameters ................................................................18, 20, 23 SEM, radula, see Radula SEM, sample penetration ...............................................................19 SEM, signal mixing............................................................19, 20, 22 SEM, stub ...................................................14–15, 17, 21, 30, 32, 44 SEM, stub map ...............................................................................17
TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING SMALL MOLLUSCAN SPECIMENS 49 SEM, technique......................................................12, 14, 16–25, 20 SEM, variable pressure ................................................15, 18, 20, 22 SEM, uncoated materials ........................................................ 16, 19 Separation ...................................................................................... 11 Sharpening .......................................................................................8 Shell ...........................................................................................2, 12 Shell, coiled....................................................................8, 17, 21–24 Shell, cracking..........................................................................12, 24 Shell, crushing................................................................................12 Shell damage........................................12–17, 24, 26, 40–41, 43–44 Shell dissolution...........................................8, 12–14, 17, 26, 43–45 Shell drying....................................................................................14 Shell grit...........................................................................................9 Shell-less ..........................................................................................2 Shell manipulation, see specimen manipulation Sieve............................................................................. 6, 6, 9, 11, 28 Silica gel.........................................................................................15 Silicone ..........................................................................................35 Silver paint...............................................................................17–18 Size, specific .................................................................... 2, 6, 11–12 Slide, histology ..................................................................28–30, 35 Slide warmer ..................................................................................27 Snail, see gastropod Sodium bicarbonate ...........................................................12–13, 45 Sodium carbonate...................................................12, 16–17, 27, 45 Sodium dodecyl suphate, SDS.....................................21, 26–27, 45 Sodium hydrogen carbonate ..........................................................45 Sodium hydroxide............................................16–17, 24, 26, 43, 45 Sodium hypochloride, see Bleach Sodium lauryl sulphate, see Sodium dodecyl sulphate Sodium pentobarbitone, see Nembutal Sodium phosphate..........................................................................45 Sodium tetraborate, see Borax Sonication, see ultrasound Sorting............................................................................................ 11 Sorting tray..................................................................................... 11 Specimen, drying ...........................................................................14 Specimen manipulation............................................................ 11, 14 Specimen, types ................................................ 2, 13, 16, 21, 32, 35 Species, number of...........................................................................2 Spin column .............................................................................27, 28 Sputter coating .........................................................................18, 30 Static charge.............................................................................14, 27 Stenoglossate..................................................................................32 Stereomicroscope............................... 6–7, 11, 22, 24, 27–30, 34–35 Storage .....................................................................................12, 29 Storage, field ..................................................................................13 Storage, medium ................................................................13, 43–44 Stovaine..........................................................................................39 Streaks ............................................................................................12 Stub, see SEM, stub Sublimate, see Mercury chloride Sunlight ..........................................................................................10 Surface tension ...................................................................17, 21, 30 Swelling..........................................................................................11 t-butyl alcohol.................................................................................24 Taenioglossate ................................................................................29 Tape, office, copper, aluminum, nickel ..........................................18 Terrestrial................................................................................2, 9–10 TEM......................................................................................2, 12, 44 Thermal circulation ........................................................................11 Three dimensional reconstruction ............................................32, 33 Timing ..............................................................................................2 Tissue clearing................................................................................12 Tissue desiccation.....................................................................24, 43 Tissue dissolution .................................17, 21, 26–27, 29–30, 44–45 Tissue hardening.......................................................................43, 45 Tissue shrinkage ..........................................................12, 24, 43–44 Tissue swelling .........................................................................11–12 Tobacco, see also Nicotine .............................................................11 Tools .........................................................................................2, 5–9 Tooth pick.........................................................................................8 Transmission electron microscope, see TEM Trap.................................................................................................10 Tricaine methanesulphonate, see MS 222 Trisodium phosphate ......................................................................17 Tungsten needle, see Needle, tungsten Turbulence................................................................................11–12 Type material, see Specimen, types Ultrasound ..........................................................................17, 26, 29 Urethane .........................................................................................45 Vetigastropoda ....................................................................26, 30, 32 Vial, glass ...........................................................................13–14, 22 Vice.................................................................................................12 Voucher...............................................................................12–13, 26 Wash, shell................................................................................13, 17 Wash, radula .......................................................................27–28, 30 Water...................................................................................11, 28, 45 Water, distilled............................................14, 17, 27–28, 30, 32, 45 Water, hot..................................................................................13, 29 Wax tray....................................................................................24, 35 Wire ..........................................................................................30, 32 Wire cutter ................................................................................12, 30 Wood.........................................................................................15–16 Workspace ..........................................................................2, 5–6, 27 X-ray tomography ..........................................................................32 Xylene ............................................................................................42 Zip lock bag......................................................................................9
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