6 Sartre, ‘L’Homme et les Choses’, Situations, I (Paris: Gallimard, 1948),p. 227.7 Francis Ponge, <strong>The</strong> Nature <strong>of</strong> Things, trans. by Lee Fahnestock (NewYork: Red Dust, 1942), p. 29.8 Gaston Bachelard, Air and Dreams (Dallas Institute <strong>of</strong> Humanities andCulture, 1988), Water and Dreams (Dallas Institute <strong>of</strong> Humanities andCulture, 1999), <strong>The</strong> Psychoanalysis <strong>of</strong> Fire, trans. by Alan Ross (London:Routledge, 1964), Earth and the Reveries <strong>of</strong> Will (Dallas Institute <strong>of</strong>Humanities and Culture, 2002).9 Probably an allusion to Mad Love (University <strong>of</strong> Nebraska Press,1987).4 EXPLORING THE WORLD OF PERCEPTION: ANIMAL LIFE1 Descartes, Discourse on the Method, Part Five, in Selected Writings, p. 45.2 Voltaire, Essai sur l’histoire générale et sur les moeurs et l’esprit des nations,depuis Charlemagne jusqu’à nos jours (1753, revised and expanded1761–63).3 Descartes, Discourse on the Method, Part Six, in Selected Writings, p. 47.4 Albert Michotte, <strong>The</strong> <strong>Perception</strong> <strong>of</strong> Causality, trans. by T. Miles and E.Miles (London: Methuen, 1963).5 Köhler, <strong>The</strong> Mentality <strong>of</strong> Apes, trans. by E. Winter (London: Routledge,1973).6 Freud, ‘Analysis <strong>of</strong> a Phobia in a Five-year-old Boy’, Standard Edition <strong>of</strong> theComplete Works <strong>of</strong> Sigmund Freud, Vol. X, pp. 1–149.7 Gaston Bachelard, Lautréamont (Paris: Corti, 1939).8 Paul Claudel, ‘Interroge les animaux’, Figaro littéraire, No. 129, 9 October1948, p.1. Reprinted in ‘Quelques planches du Bestiaire spirituel’ inFigures et paraboles, in Oeuvres en prose (Paris: Gallimard ‘Pléiade’, 1965),pp. 982–1000.119
5 MAN SEEN FROM THE OUTSIDE1 Descartes, Discourse on the Method, Part Five, in Selected Writings, p. 46:And I showed how it is not sufficient for it to be lodged in thehuman body like a helmsman in his ship, except perhaps to move itslimbs, but that it must be more closely joined and united with thebody in order to have, besides this power <strong>of</strong> movement, feelings andappetites like ours.See also Meditations on First Philosophy, Meditation Six, in Selected Writings,p.116: ‘Nature also teaches me, by these sensations <strong>of</strong> pain, hunger,thirst and so on, that I am not merely present in my body as a sailor ispresent in a ship, but that I am very closely joined and, as it were, intermingledwith it, so that I and the body form a unit.’2 Franz Kafka, ‘<strong>The</strong> Metamorphosis’, trans. N. Glatzer, <strong>The</strong> Complete ShortStories <strong>of</strong> Franz Kafka (London: Minerva, 1992), pp. 89–139.3 Franz Kafka, ‘Investigations <strong>of</strong> a Dog’, <strong>The</strong> Complete Short Stories <strong>of</strong> FranzKafka, pp. 278–316.4 <strong>Maurice</strong> Blanchot, <strong>The</strong> Most High (Bison Books, 2001).6 ART AND THE WORLD OF PERCEPTION1 Joachim Gasquet, Cézanne (Paris: Bernheim-Jeune, 1926), pp. 130–1.2 Georges Braque, Notebooks 1917–1947, trans. by S. Appelbaum (NewYork: Dover, 1971), p. 22.3 Stéphane Mallarmé, passim. See, in particular, his Réponses à des enquêtes(response to Jules Huret, 1891), in Oeuvres complètes (Paris: Gallimard,Pléiade, 1945).4 Henri Bremond, La Poésie pure, his lecture at the public session <strong>of</strong> the fiveAcademies, 24 October 1925 (Paris: Grasset, 1926).notes
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First published in French as Causer
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ForewordThe seven lectures collecte
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draws and the anxieties which he ar
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shortly before the war. This second
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After his death Merleau-Ponty’s r
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empiricism is not of this kind. Thi
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The central theme of Merleau-Ponty
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acknowledgement of its special stat
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world of perception can be dismisse
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When Merleau-Ponty says that scienc
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Florentine Renaissance, or, in a Fr
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photograph in which the feet look a
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intrinsic properties which explain
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which our own life has been disturb
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only contingently connected to a ph
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imagining that our dependence upon
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Merleau-Ponty now extends this aest
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etter conception of reason (e.g. di
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The World of Perception
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The world of perception, or in othe
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explain the illusions of long- and
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provide all the answers at a time w
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exercise of a pure and unsituated i
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It has often been said that modern
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which effect certain changes in the
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along lines running from the painte
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In the footsteps of science and pai
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LECTURE 3Exploring the World of Per
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worlds of sight, smell, touch and s
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touch. 2 To say that honey is visco
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complexes. This is what Cézanne me
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us and above all in the found objec
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