42 Literature references<strong>Metrohm</strong> is the only company that is able to offer you aproduct range covering the entire spectrum of ion analysis fromjust one source:• ion chromatography• titration (potentiometric, thermometric and Karl Fischer titration)• voltammetric trace analysis<strong>Metrohm</strong> also offers a variety of other products for the modernanalysis laboratory and for process analysis:• columns for ion chromatography• comprehensive automated solutions• dosing devices and liquid handling systems• pH meters, ion meters and conductometers• sensors for a wide range of different applications• software for instruments, networks and databases• stability measuring instruments• systems for online and atline process analysisInnumerable users from research, industry and the educationsector work with <strong>Metrohm</strong> products in their everyday routine andappreciate their reliability, accuracy and flexibility. The examplesof scientific work described below demonstrate areas in which<strong>Metrohm</strong> instruments can be used and provide at the same timevaluable application know-how. We are pleased to be able to offeryou this literature service. However, we are unable to provide youwith copies of the original work. For one thing, this is impossiblefor copyright reasons. We would ask you to download the articlesdirectly from the publishers' website or to contact your nearestuniversity library, where it will usually be possible to obtain therequired information on reasonable terms.Free and comprehensive application know-how is availableto you from <strong>Metrohm</strong> in the form of Application Bulletins (AB),Application Notes (AN), technical posters and monographs. Consultour application database on http://products.metrohm.com tofind a solution to your application problem.Literature references on potentiometric titrationU(VI) sorption on kaolinite: effects of pH, U(VI)concentration and oxyanionsLiang Gao, Ziqian Yang, Keliang Shi, Xuefeng Wang, Zhijun Guo andWangsuo WuU(VI) sorption on kaolinite was studied as functions of contacttime, pH, U(VI) concentration, solid-to-liquid ratio (m/V) by using abatch experimental method. The effects of sulfate and phosphate onU(VI) sorption were also investigated. It was found that the sorptionkinetics of U(VI) can be described by a pseudo-second-order model.Potentiometric titrations at variable ionic strengths indicated thatthe titration curves of kaolinite were not sensitive to ionic strength,and that the pH of the zero net proton charge (pH PZNPC) was at 6.9.The sorption of U(VI) on kaolinite increased with pH up to 6.5 andreached a plateau at pH >6.5. The presence of phosphate stronglyincreased U(VI) sorption especially at pH
43that this method is accurate for measuring the content of organicacids in bio-oil. After bio-oil was upgraded over 732 and NKC-9, acidnumbers of bio-oil were lowered by 88.54 and 85.95%, respectively,which represents the conversion of organic acids to neutral esters,the heating values increased by 32.26 and 31.64%, and the moisturecontents decreased by 27.74 and 30.87%, respectively. The acceleratedaging test and aluminum strip corrosion test showed improvementof stability and corrosion property of bio-oil after upgrading,respectively.Energy Fuels 24 (2010) 3251–3255Literature references on Karl Fischer titrationSolubility of water in fluorocarbons: Experimental andCOSMO-RS prediction resultsMara G. Freire, Pedro J. Carvalho, Luís M.N.B.F. Santos,Lígia R. Gomes, Isabel M. Marrucho and João A.P. CoutinhoThis work aims at providing experimental and theoreticalinformation about the water–perfluorocarbon molecular interactions.For that purpose, experimental solubility results for water incyclic and aromatic perfluorocarbons (PFCs), over the temperaturerange between (288.15 and 318.15) K, and at atmospheric pressure,were obtained and are presented. From the experimental solubilitydependence on temperature, the partial molar solution and solvationthermodynamic functions such as Gibbs free energy, enthalpyand entropy were determined and are discussed. The process ofdisso lution of water in PFCs is shown to be spontaneous for cyclicand aromatic compounds. It is demonstrated that the interactionsbetween the non-aromatic PFCs and water are negligible while thosebetween aromatic PFCs and water are favourable. The COSMO-RSpredictive capability was explored for the description of the watersolubility in PFCs and others substituted fluorocompounds. TheCOSMO-RS is shown to be a useful model to provide reasonablepredictions of the solubility values, as well as to describe their temperatureand structural modifications dependence. Moreover, themolar Gibbs free energy and molar enthalpy of solution of water arepredicted remarkably well by COSMO-RS while the main deviationsappear for the prediction of the molar entropy of solution.The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 42 (2010) 213–219Certification of a pure reference material for theginsenoside Rg 1Dal-Ho Kim, Jin-Kyu Chang, Hyun-Joo Sohn, Byong-Gu Cho, Sung-Ryong Ko, Kil-Bong Nho, Dae-Sig Jang and Sang-Myung LeeA pure certified reference material (CRM) for the ginsenosideRg 1 was prepared from roots of Panax ginseng by extraction andseparation of ginsenosides. The mass fraction of the main component(ginsenoside Rg 1) in the reference material was determinedand its uncertainty was assessed from various input quantities, suchas organic impurities, residual moisture, residual solvent, ash, andinsoluble matters. To measure these input quantities, HPLC/CAD, KarlFischer (KF) coulometry, gravimetry, and GC/FID were used. Homogeneityand long-term stability of the reference material are discussed.The certified mass fraction of Rg 1 in the reference material is 0.974 ±0.006 (k = 2) with a shelf life of 1 year.Accreditation and Quality Assurance 15 (2010) 81–87Literature references on ion chromatographyDirect injection, simple and robust analysis of tracelevelbromate and bromide in drinking water by IC withsuppressed conductivity detectionWasiu Lawal, Jay Gandhi and Carl Chunlong ZhangThe purpose of this study was to survey bromide and bromateconcentrations in randomly selected bottle waters of various brandsand several tap water samples in the coastal Houston area using adirect-injection ion chromatography (IC) and a suppressed conductivitysystem. The method employs a simple isocratic IC with loop injectionwith calculated detection limit of 0.009 µg/L for bromate and 0.028µg/L for bromide (250-µL sample volume). Allowing the detectionof both species at the µg/L level in drinking water, this method doesINFORMATION | 2 | 2010-11