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where men only taking decision was 35 per cent compared to 47 per cent among APL. InControl Villages the decision making is found to be more neutral; far more per centdecisions are taken by “Both”.An Index of “Gender Neutrality” in decision making is constructed with the followingvalues being assigned to the responses:ResponseValueMen only 0Mainly men but also women 1Women alone 0Mainly women but also men 1Both 2There are 14 activities on which responses were obtained allowing a maximum score of2800. The scores obtained for Project and Control Villages as well as the APL and BPLhouseholds are indexed to a maximum value of 100 obtaining thus the Gender NeutralityIndex.Table 2.37: Index of gender neutrality (maximumvalue=100)APL BPLProject villages 30 34Control villages 38 34Violence against women (VAW)Focus Group Discussions revealed that violence against women on issues of Nata (explainnata), Dowry, Alcohol Abuse, Dayan (explain), Infertility, Not bearing a son, ChildMarriage and wife battering existed in more than 50 per cent villages. Issues relating tounmatched marriage and sexual harassment caused violence in more than 33 per centvillages. In all issues, the incidence of violence was higher in Control Villages. Rape as aform of violence was reported in only one village each of the Project and Controlcategory.Kinship networksOne of the basic attributes of social capital is the extent of kinship network. Working ineach other’s paternal and maternal kins fields, deciding on a cropping pattern with mutualconsideration, going to the market together to sell the agricultural surplus; having acommon gadariya, migrating for wage labour with mutual consent, exchanging food intimes of crisis, women going out together to a market place and celeberating festivalstogether and borrowing amongst kins are some of the indicators of strong networks. Strainin relationships is a negative indicator.It is found that amongst APL households the networks are stronger than among the BPLhouseholds. See Table 3.39.A simple Kinship Network Index (KNI) may be constructed by adding the percentage ofhouseholds reporting “Yes” to each of the attributes. For a total of 13 questions onpositive attributes of networking the maximum possible score would be 1300. The totalscore is indexed to a score of 100. The value of KNI so calculated for the Project andControl Villages is given in Table 2.39.- 32 -
Table 2.39: Kinship Network Index (Maximum value=100)APL BPLProject villages 50 38Control villages 39 29Caste panchayats, ward sabhas and gram sabhasCaste panchayats are important informal social organisations that take up mainly socialissues pertaining to the castes. In Project Villages, a higher proportion of APL householdsreported men participation in caste panchayats compared to BPL households. Aninteresting fact is that compared to the caste panchayat, a lower proportion participated ingram sabha. The participation in ward sabhas is marginally higher. The participation ofwomen in any of these organisations is less than 6 per cent. See table 2.40.Table 2.40: Percentage of households reporting informed andparticipation in ward sabhas and gram sabhasAPLBPLAdultmaleAdultfemaleAdultmale- 33 -AdultfemaleProject villagesCaste panchayats attended 68.3 5.0 41.7 34.2Ward sabhas attended 43.3 1.7 28.7 3.0Gram sabhas attended 40.0 4.4 27.0 5.7Voiced opinion/ problem inward sabhaVoiced opinion/ problem ingram sabha70.5 33.3 62.6 77.752.8 7.8 50.6 6.2Control villagesCaste panchayats attended 41.7 5.0 34.2 3.0Ward sabhas attended 73.2 5.0 64.2 11.1Gram sabhas attended 38.7 5.1 17.7 1.5Voiced opinion/ problem in 45.0 100.0 35.4 0.0ward sabhaVoiced opinion/ problem ingram sabha24.3 0.0 19.7 0.0According to the percentages of voicing opinions it may be concluded that gram sabhasare quite participatory. Ward sabhas provide greater opportunity to both men and womento raise issues of their concern. Though the participation of women in numbers in the wardsabhas was few, 77 per cent of those who participated voiced their issues. Thus, we findthat at the lowest level of decentralised unit the participation is higher. Though thefunctioning of gram sabhas is seemingly democratic, the lesser participation in numbers ofBPL households is of concern. Their proportion as reported above is half the proportion ofAPL men.Civil Social Capital and Government Social CapitalSocial capital is defined to include features of both the government and civil society thatfacilitate collective action for mutual benefit of a group. The DPIP proposes to enhanceboth “government social capital” and “civil social capital”. The former refers togovernmental institutions that influence people’s ability to co-operate for mutual benefit.
Page 1 and 2: BASE LINE SURVEYOFDPIP DISTRICTSFeb
Page 3 and 4: Chapter I: IntroductionPoverty mana
Page 5 and 6: as well as economic infrastructure
Page 7 and 8: Special care was taken to include w
Page 9 and 10: Physical infrastructure and service
Page 11 and 12: Unprotected pastureland areasTree d
Page 13 and 14: Table 2.5: Surface water bodies and
Page 15 and 16: per cent and 17 per cent respective
Page 17 and 18: Crop yields and vulnerabilityThe vu
Page 19 and 20: Box 2.2: Land distribution and vuln
Page 21 and 22: School infrastructureAll villages h
Page 23 and 24: III. Financial infrastructureWhile
Page 25 and 26: Table 2.25: Basic demographic chara
Page 27 and 28: doctorNot available or too far 57.4
Page 29 and 30: onded to the landlord. The hali if
Page 31: Table 2.35: Ratio of women to men (
Page 35 and 36: Box 2.6: Social Capital and Gender
Page 37 and 38: Characteristics of casual wage labo
Page 39 and 40: 90Figure 1: Differential wage rates
Page 41 and 42: simple ownership index created by a

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