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Note: Per cent is the percentage of adult males or females in sample villages engaged as casual labour.Incidence of non-payment of wages is reported by 3 BPL households in Project villages and 2 BPLhouseholds in control villages.Table 2.47: Percentage of households reporting workedfor a single patronAPL BPLProject villages 4.4 9.0Control villages 0.8 7.5Rural labour markets and Wage Rates for casual labourThe wage rates fluctuate seasonally and are dependent on the demand for labour duringthat period. It is highest when crops are irrigated followed by the time of harvest. Wagesare higher outside village for corresponding periods. Four other aspects are of relevance.First, during the irrigation and harvesting periods the wages are higher than in otheragricultural seasons. Second, the likelihood of minimum wages being paid through theyear is higher in villages with a more developed irrigation system. Third, segmentedlabour markets are a common occurrence and in some seasons the labour is able toexercise a choice. The fourth aspect is that there is discrimination in wages paid towomen, which are lower by 20 per cent or more than men’s at all times of the year. SeeFigure 2.1.Composition of incomeA comparison of composition of income reveals that even in a drought (current) year thePrimary sector remains the most predominant sector contributing to income of thehouseholds. The manufacturing sector contributes no more than 2 per cent of income ofthe households, and shows the lack of diversification of the economy in either the Projector Control Villages. Salaries and remittances constitute a major share of the Tertiarysector for APL households, while most of the earnings of the BPL in the tertiary sector isthrough casual wage labour. Earnings from wage labour constitute almost 50 per cent ofthe share of income of the BPL households, the share is significantly higher in droughtyear compared to a normal year.The per capita income of APL households is 3 to 4.5 times that of BPL households. Thedifferences are higher in Control Villages compared to Project Villages. The per cent fallin per capita income in a drought year from a normal year is higher for APL householdsthan BPL households but the per capita income of BPL households was estimated to be anabysmally low of Rs 2945 per capita in the current year. See Table 2.48.- 38 -
90Figure 1: Differential wage rates in Project and Control Villages andMale and Female wagesDaily wages (Rs)80706050403020100Male within village(PV)Female within village(PV)Male within village(CV)Female within village(CV)Sowing/ploughingIntercultureIrrigationHarvestingAgricultural seasonsMerhbandiTable 2.48 : Composition of income in current year and normal yearProject VillagesControl VillagesSector APL BPL APL BPLCurrent yearPrimary 95.2 79.9 86.8 77.6Secondary 0.2 2.1 0.3 1.1Tertiary 4.6 18.1 12.9 21.2Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0of which wage labour 8.2 57.4 0.2 55.6Per capita income 9615 2945 9661 3166Normal yearPrimary 96.1 82.9 91.7 82.7Secondary 0.2 1.5 0.2 1.1Tertiary 3.7 15.6 8.1 16.2Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0of which wage labour 5.3 47.2 1.8 48.2Per capita income 15545 3817 14278 3953Per cent fall in percapita income incurrent year fromnormal year38.1 22.8 32.3 19.9- 39 -
Page 1 and 2: BASE LINE SURVEYOFDPIP DISTRICTSFeb
Page 3 and 4: Chapter I: IntroductionPoverty mana
Page 5 and 6: as well as economic infrastructure
Page 7 and 8: Special care was taken to include w
Page 9 and 10: Physical infrastructure and service
Page 11 and 12: Unprotected pastureland areasTree d
Page 13 and 14: Table 2.5: Surface water bodies and
Page 15 and 16: per cent and 17 per cent respective
Page 17 and 18: Crop yields and vulnerabilityThe vu
Page 19 and 20: Box 2.2: Land distribution and vuln
Page 21 and 22: School infrastructureAll villages h
Page 23 and 24: III. Financial infrastructureWhile
Page 25 and 26: Table 2.25: Basic demographic chara
Page 27 and 28: doctorNot available or too far 57.4
Page 29 and 30: onded to the landlord. The hali if
Page 31 and 32: Table 2.35: Ratio of women to men (
Page 33 and 34: Table 2.39: Kinship Network Index (
Page 35 and 36: Box 2.6: Social Capital and Gender
Page 37: Characteristics of casual wage labo
Page 41 and 42: simple ownership index created by a

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