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accepted today that this paradigm shift represents the new conservation thinking. In the case of the Selousthe concept was not in the form of “community outreach” programs, where communities are given benefitslike social services. Instead they were to become the managers of the resource on their own land.Management and wildlife use inside the Selous was to remain with the Wildlife Division and not to be shared.The SCP-concept was summed up as follows: From Conservation against the People via Conservationfor the People to Conservation by the People.The then President Mwinyi propagated this concept as the new Tanzanian policy. It was applied andimplemented in a pragmatic process of trial and error and with involvement of the communities. Around theSelous a good number of villages received user rights on a pilot basis and their chosen representatives(village game scouts) were at the same time recognized as Authorized Officers to protect the wildlife againstillegal uses in their provisional “Wildlife Management Areas” (WMA). The following map shows the five areasin the Selous buffer-zone where such WMA were created by village initiatives with limited outside support.South of these areas a wildlife corridor on the basis of WMA is being established by the villages and withsome outside assistance under GEF/UNDP. It will create biodiversity connectivity between the Selous andthe Niassa Game Reserve.Box 1: Revenue collection from tourism, retention income Selous GR (Source: SGR statistics)YearNumber ofTouristsNumber ofHuntersTouristRevenue‘000 US$HuntingRevenue‘000 US$HuntingRetention‘000 US$Total Incomeremaining in SGR‘000 US$1991 1,150 115 22 1,245 221992 1,784 163 40 1,655 401993 2,135 198 53 1,831 531994 2,415 174 100 1,656 828 9281995 3,473 168 160 1,706 853 1,0131996 4,661 325 209 2,674 1,337 1,5461997 5,455 346 249 2,909 1,454 1,7031998 4,596 436 285 3,541 1,770 2,0551999 5,501 343 303 2,718 1,359 1,6622000 5,267 431 320 3,245 1,623 1,9432001 4,802 482 299 3,621 1,811 2,1102003 6,000 600 380 5,200 2,600 2,800106
Government Made CBC a Cornerstone of PolicyThe Tanzanian Government further developed the concept and made it a national program under the name“Community based Conservation” (CBC). It became a major pillar of the Wildlife Policy of 1998. It sawcountrywide application in 16 pilot areas. In order to facilitate the program CBC Guidelines were developed ina countrywide process of popular participation between 1999 and 2003. Thereafter a revised andmodernized draft of a new Wildlife Act was prepared, which also contained the CBC concept. This draft is stillwith Parliamentary Committees.Some Results at the End of SCP (2003)The SCP as a joint Tanzanian-German initiative came to a planned end in December 2003. Some majorresults can be summed up as follows:CBC:• from 15 (1990) to 51 villages; more would join, if they were allowed• 8,600 km² under village management• 300 village game scouts on duty• functioning self-administration at village level• a wildlife corridor to Mozambique in the making Game Reserve:• tourism turnover significantly increased, mainly sustainable• Selous income around 5.6 m. US$ out of which 2.8 m. were channeled back into thereserve as “retention”; additionally salaries were paid from the budget• expenditure per km² was 65 US$ (up from 2 US$)• reserve finance is sustainable, if retention scheme stays and if it remains welladministered• scout force declining and too small (1 scout/160 km²)• management plan/system in place• infrastructure developed and satisfactory, maintenance good• performance of sector management and game scout force satisfactory, but in danger ofdecliningBiodiversity:• elephant poaching from > 3,000/year in the 1980s to < 50 in 2002/3• elephant numbers: > 60,000• rhinos breed, numbers remain very low and vulnerable• other wildlife populations at natural levels, mainly on the high side; natural fluctuations;protection in buffer-zones greatly increased• other natural resources (forests and rivers) fully protected inside the reserve (only)• fish: illegal use going on, but mainly sustainable• biodiversity in general reconstituted and maintainedReality Check• Governance issues remain the problem No. 1• Communities, donors and many observers agree: all CBC implementation has beendelayed by administrative procedures (perhaps it has even been stalled?)• In order to block the progressing empowerment of communities the Director evenprohibited the distribution of the Swahili printed version of the official TanzaniaGovernment "Wildlife Policy"• All WMA secondary legislation too complicated in order to delay/avoid implementation• First villages only registered as WMA in 2006• Privileges granted to villages withdrawn after 2000• WMA leased as hunting blocks without agreement/against the will of villages anddistricts• Hunting industry grossly mismanaged (see Baldus/Cauldwell 2004)107
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Dedicated to the People and the Wil
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Hunting in South Africa: Facts - Ri
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Warthog $600 $80 $299 $300 $114 n/a
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a) Trophy fees for overseas hunters
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Bailey (1993) 16 estimates leopard
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and adequate training programs with
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Clearly, 30.5 million Rand addition
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• Use of appropriate hunting prot
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for the triple bottom line approach
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Apart from existing and proposed na
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a result of these concerted actions
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countries to cooperate across borde
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years there have been three differe
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The interference does not only affe
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http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/susg
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Hunting for Conservation in Cameroo
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Tourist Hunting: How Tanzania Can B
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• The leading role that sport hun
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hunters, organizers and entertainer
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Although commercial trophy hunting
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We note that Packer’s proposal fo
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ecruit safari operators with a long
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corruption in the province. Once ag
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grass so the available browse (bush
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wildlife on their own," said Dr. Ko
Page 56 and 57: Tanzania Development Partners Group
Page 58 and 59: quality and age of key species bein
Page 60 and 61: As mentioned earlier, the first ste
Page 62 and 63: The characteristics of hunting tour
Page 64 and 65: from the use of a species can provi
Page 66 and 67: eplaced by holistic triple-bottom-l
Page 68 and 69: What Do You Know About Conservation
Page 70 and 71: conservation based on international
Page 72 and 73: is exceeded game populations have t
Page 74 and 75: Until 1960 wildlife was in serious
Page 76 and 77: The aim must be to halt and root ou
Page 78 and 79: • Incentives are offered as a rew
Page 80: similar instruments. Such capital i
Page 83 and 84: The authorsDr. Graham Child was the
Page 85 and 86: Hunting Benefits BiodiversityRolf B
Page 87 and 88: finds a much larger male. Since he
Page 89 and 90: The “Fortress Mentality” of col
Page 91 and 92: Hunting is a controversial topic, o
Page 93 and 94: are considered to compete for poten
Page 95 and 96: Bwabwata National ParkThe Bwabwata
Page 97 and 98: The visiting hunters will be accomm
Page 99 and 100: Not many members of the South Afric
Page 101 and 102: Symposium, SSC Chair Holly Dublin s
Page 103 and 104: tourist hunting was prepared yet wa
Page 105: Why SCP?The Tanzanian Government fi
Page 109 and 110: • Poaching: strong upward trend
Page 111 and 112: ecology from the University of Cali
Page 113 and 114: WWF on “Hunting for Conservation
Page 115 and 116: Moving Ahead (Extracts)Editorial Co
Page 117 and 118: conservation arena, I have undertak
Page 119 and 120: The Influence of Trophy Measurement
Page 121 and 122: A total of 91 samples were collecte
Page 123 and 124: The hunting industry is important n
Page 125 and 126: Photo 4: Buffalo Bull approx. 8 Yrs
Page 127 and 128: Photo 8: Current SCI Number 5 is of
Page 129 and 130: CIC Measuring Method129
Page 131 and 132: I know about hunting too. As a ward
Page 133 and 134: guide them in the hunt as best he p
Page 135 and 136: ewilderment as most of the hunting
Page 137 and 138: After Steve Smith’s untimely deat
Page 139 and 140: owe it to ourselves. We owe it to c
Page 141 and 142: “Use it or loose it” - Consumpt
Page 143 and 144: safari, or advised booked clients t
Page 145 and 146: the sector is suffering from sub-op
Page 147 and 148: It is suggested that such donations
Page 149 and 150: ‣ Key-Excerpts from the speech by
Page 151 and 152: Southern African countries that eng
Page 153 and 154: But that however, is only part of t
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