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We note that Packer’s proposal for lion hunting certification does not include any mention of this lastissue. This is a critical omission, as the future of lions, and lion hunting, is largely an economic one. Wherelions are able to produce high returns to local landholders, which equal or exceed their high costs, they willhave the best chance of surviving. Where locals continue to suffer costs that exceed the benefits of livingwith lions, no matter how effective hunting company monitoring and anti-poaching investments are, the lionsare likely to disappear. The same economic equation holds for the prey species that the lions depend on.Few issues could be more urgent to the hunting industry in Africa than moving towards more viable lionconservation practices that start with giving local landholders rights to manage and benefit from thesedestructive but valuable animals.Although many vested interests in governments and private sector are likely to resist independentcertification, we note that informal means of ‘certification’ are already being used. Namibia’s recent successat CITES CoP 13 in having its hunting and wildlife trade proposals for rhinos and elephants approved resultslargely from the international community ‘rewarding’ Namibia for sustainable management practices whichhave led to increasing wildlife. Countries where wildlife is declining are less likely to find favor amonginternational regulatory bodies for their trade requests; Namibia has been ‘certified’ whereas Tanzania mightnot be.The practicality, both political and technical, of developing certification schemes for trophy hunting mayprovide a concrete agenda around which discussions of trophy hunting’s sustainability and reform cancoalesce. Many lessons have been learned in the past decade from similar efforts to certify forest andmarine products. Key questions in applying this to wildlife might include: What should certification consist of? What are the appropriate bodies to determine criteria and grant or deny certification? How might such efforts be made most effective and accepted by a wide range of stakeholders?Aldo Leopold, the American conservationist who formulated many of the basic principles of gamemanagement in the 1930’s, said that “conservation will ultimately boil down to rewarding the privatelandowner who conserves the public interest.” In Africa today, the countries that have succeeded inempowering and ‘rewarding’ private landholders through control over wildlife and its values are those whichhave the most sustainable wildlife management systems and trophy hunting industries. A combination ofcollaborative policy reform efforts and independent certification schemes for well-managed countries andoperations will give hunting in Africa the best chance of flourishing in the face of its many threats andchallenges.The authors are from Sand County Foundation Community Based Conservation Network, TanzaniaProgram, Box 8372, Arusha, Tanzania; contact Fred Nelson fnelson@habari.co.tzTanzania: Reduce the Quotas or Reform?By Andrew CauldwellIn a recent discussion, a professional hunter, referred to here as Fred, stressed that the WildlifeDepartment must reduce the hunting quota, particularly for lion and buffalo. Fred observed that hunters inblocks adjacent to his own were hunting too many lion and as a result were shooting young specimens thathad not yet developed into good trophies. Research has shown this can be very detrimental to lionpopulations. Fred also observed a shortage of mature buffalo bulls. He attributes this trend to the fact that 80buffalo having been killed as trophies legally last year in two neighbouring concessions. From Fred’sperspective, reducing the quotas appears to be the easy solution to what he considers “over-harvesting”,however there are other perspectives.In Tanzania, the current wildlife management system puts the realizable financial income from trophyhunting by visiting hunters in direct dependency to the number and species hunted within a given concession46
area. The income which accrues to the Wildlife Division is NOT based on payment of the respective fees forthe species/numbers allocated in the quota, but ONLY on the value of those reported as “hunted and killed”or “wounded and lost”.Like many departments of developing countries the Tanzania Wildlife Department experiences financialconstraints. These constraints eventually lead to increasing the hunting quota of a concession to boost therevenue stream. Species with high trophy fees and/or of particular interest to the visiting hunter, like lion andbuffalo are arguably most affected by this trend. Demanding reduced quotas will naturally meet resistancefrom different parties, albeit for equally different reasons.Many hunting blocks have substantial (numerically high) buffalo populations, and overall there is noshortage of these animals. But in some areas serious problems exist. The company that last year hunted 80buffaloes is notorious for subleasing the concession on geographical and/or time basis. It is a fact that manydifferent operators and professional hunters were involved in the safaris conducted there. Thesesubcontractors have at best only a transient interest in the quality of hunting in the concession, little if nointerest in its management and no concerns regarding the future. Many of the subleasing companies aremanaged by business people whose interest is a short-term cash flow, maximized by increasing the numberof hunts sold, rather than the quality of the offered hunting opportunities. This attitude has disastrousecologically consequences, creates a very disadvantageous picture for safari hunting and leads to clientdissatisfaction.Safari companies who act in the unsavoury game of sub-lessees and sub-lessors usually work onmarginal concession in contrast to those well-established and well-known safari operators with huntingblocks in better areas with greater wildlife populations). Some of these companies boast of high-levelinfluence in the Tanzania Government; some even have wider reaching connections and influence withmembers of foreign governments.The payments of the safari operators to the Tanzania Wildlife Department are based on the number ofanimals hunted and the concession fee. Whilst the concession fee, irrespective of the quality of theconcession, is a fixed amount of US$7,500 pa, the income from trophy fees varies according to the utilizationof the quota (a minimum use of 40% in monetary terms has to be observed).Companies with international exposure on the worldwide hunting market and with a history of successfulsafaris use advanced marketing strategies and their history of satisfied clients to aggressively market anexclusive product (safari) at a very high price (daily rate). They can afford to minimize the number of safarisand the off-take of trophy animals without compromising profitability; to the contrary they are maximizingeconomic return. Although this concept is ecologically sustainable in terms of quota utilization, it falls shortfrom a socio-economic aspect, by reducing the potential income for the Wildlife Department. Due to the highlevelinfluence of some safari operators in prime concession areas, the Department is unable to takecorrective measures with them.Budgetary restraints force the Department to try to recover the “lost income” of these prime concessionselsewhere. Companies that sublease their concessions and also companies who manage their less attractiveareas responsibly and hunt ethically are converted into cash cows. Another means to maximize returns aresplitting of blocks whilst substantially increasing the original quota.The challenge is to find a solution to the very real problem of unsustainable utilization in some huntingareas and to the under-utilization of others. The Wildlife Department needs an adequate budget and thefunds have to come from the assets the Department manages on behalf of all Tanzanians. The recentincrease in trophy fees will improve the revenue stream. However this income is still directly linked to theanimals hunted and therefore this step is only short term a stop-gap solution.I argue that a reform of the entire hunting system is essential. The bulk of the hunting revenue accrued tothe Department must be generated from the right to hunt. In other words the monies realized from huntingblock leases must be commensurate with market values and this is determined by the quality of theconcession, and last not least by the quality and numbers of the game available there. Good blocks shouldhave a higher value than poor blocks. Adopting this simple measure will significantly increase the calculablerevenue to the Department and would assist in reducing the administrative burden substantially. Anotheradvantage would be that generally applicable trophy fees could be stabilized a moderate level for a longperiod. At the same time the Department must look into the sub-leasing issue. The objective must be to47
Page 1: Dedicated to the People and the Wil
Page 4 and 5: Hunting in South Africa: Facts - Ri
Page 6 and 7: Warthog $600 $80 $299 $300 $114 n/a
Page 11 and 12: a) Trophy fees for overseas hunters
Page 13 and 14: Bailey (1993) 16 estimates leopard
Page 15 and 16: and adequate training programs with
Page 18 and 19: Clearly, 30.5 million Rand addition
Page 20 and 21: • Use of appropriate hunting prot
Page 22 and 23: for the triple bottom line approach
Page 24 and 25: Apart from existing and proposed na
Page 26 and 27: a result of these concerted actions
Page 28 and 29: countries to cooperate across borde
Page 30 and 31: years there have been three differe
Page 32 and 33: The interference does not only affe
Page 34 and 35: http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/susg
Page 36 and 37: Hunting for Conservation in Cameroo
Page 38 and 39: Tourist Hunting: How Tanzania Can B
Page 40 and 41: • The leading role that sport hun
Page 42 and 43: hunters, organizers and entertainer
Page 44 and 45: Although commercial trophy hunting
Page 48 and 49: ecruit safari operators with a long
Page 50 and 51: corruption in the province. Once ag
Page 52 and 53: grass so the available browse (bush
Page 54 and 55: wildlife on their own," said Dr. Ko
Page 56 and 57: Tanzania Development Partners Group
Page 58 and 59: quality and age of key species bein
Page 60 and 61: As mentioned earlier, the first ste
Page 62 and 63: The characteristics of hunting tour
Page 64 and 65: from the use of a species can provi
Page 66 and 67: eplaced by holistic triple-bottom-l
Page 68 and 69: What Do You Know About Conservation
Page 70 and 71: conservation based on international
Page 72 and 73: is exceeded game populations have t
Page 74 and 75: Until 1960 wildlife was in serious
Page 76 and 77: The aim must be to halt and root ou
Page 78 and 79: • Incentives are offered as a rew
Page 80: similar instruments. Such capital i
Page 83 and 84: The authorsDr. Graham Child was the
Page 85 and 86: Hunting Benefits BiodiversityRolf B
Page 87 and 88: finds a much larger male. Since he
Page 89 and 90: The “Fortress Mentality” of col
Page 91 and 92: Hunting is a controversial topic, o
Page 93 and 94: are considered to compete for poten
Page 95 and 96: Bwabwata National ParkThe Bwabwata
Page 97 and 98:
The visiting hunters will be accomm
Page 99 and 100:
Not many members of the South Afric
Page 101 and 102:
Symposium, SSC Chair Holly Dublin s
Page 103 and 104:
tourist hunting was prepared yet wa
Page 105 and 106:
Why SCP?The Tanzanian Government fi
Page 107 and 108:
Government Made CBC a Cornerstone o
Page 109 and 110:
• Poaching: strong upward trend
Page 111 and 112:
ecology from the University of Cali
Page 113 and 114:
WWF on “Hunting for Conservation
Page 115 and 116:
Moving Ahead (Extracts)Editorial Co
Page 117 and 118:
conservation arena, I have undertak
Page 119 and 120:
The Influence of Trophy Measurement
Page 121 and 122:
A total of 91 samples were collecte
Page 123 and 124:
The hunting industry is important n
Page 125 and 126:
Photo 4: Buffalo Bull approx. 8 Yrs
Page 127 and 128:
Photo 8: Current SCI Number 5 is of
Page 129 and 130:
CIC Measuring Method129
Page 131 and 132:
I know about hunting too. As a ward
Page 133 and 134:
guide them in the hunt as best he p
Page 135 and 136:
ewilderment as most of the hunting
Page 137 and 138:
After Steve Smith’s untimely deat
Page 139 and 140:
owe it to ourselves. We owe it to c
Page 141 and 142:
“Use it or loose it” - Consumpt
Page 143 and 144:
safari, or advised booked clients t
Page 145 and 146:
the sector is suffering from sub-op
Page 147 and 148:
It is suggested that such donations
Page 149 and 150:
‣ Key-Excerpts from the speech by
Page 151 and 152:
Southern African countries that eng
Page 153 and 154:
But that however, is only part of t
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