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price and see very little effect”. One participant posted: “What I can't understand is why Tanzania doesn'thave an open auction process for concessions and allow foreign companies to bid. With a 5 year lease anda rotating auction schedule so at least a few concessions come up for auction every year Tanzania would getfair [market value]. With a fixed price of $50K some concessions may be under-priced while others may beover-priced. Tanzania will still lose revenue on under-priced concessions. Tanzania needs to fix its tenderprocess, until it does, they will continue to have problems.”To make matters worse, MNRT had officially applied to sell 100 tons of ivory ahead of the recentCITES CoP but withdrew just before a CITES inspection was due and after major irregularities of themanagement of the ivory stocks, including the sale of stamped tusks, became public knowledge. Due to badGovernance and the apparent involvement of the army and WD there is real danger that poaching for meatand ivory may again reach levels as in the 70s and 80s again .That would destroy wildlife including elephantsin large numbers.Part 2: A Review of Relevant PapersPossibly the most significant paper about hunting in Tanzania was published in July 2004, authored byDr. Rolf Baldus, at that time working for the Community Wildlife Management Program of the GermanGesellschaft fuer Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) and by Andrew Cauldwell, who was with the EUfundedKagera Kigoma Game Reserves Project (EDF). Titled “Tourist Hunting and its Role inDevelopment of Wildlife Management Areas in Tanzania”, all three parts can be downloaded from theAfrican Indaba website (see “references” at the end of this article for the relevant links).Fred Nelson from the Sand County Foundation Community Based Conservation Network, SimonMilledge of TRAFFIC East Africa, Dr Allan Rodgers, Regional Coordinator (Eastern Africa) UNDP–GEFBiodiversity Projects, the Tanzania Development Partners Group (DPG) and many others have alsodocumented the problems, risks and potential solutions for the wildlife sector in Tanzania for years (seereferences).The lack of an objective and transparent system for the allocation of hunting blocks has asconsequence that blocks are leased at administered prices far below the true market value irrespective ofsize, quality or income potential. This represents a large loss of income to Tanzania.The “official” complaints about the “insignificant” contribution of trophy hunting to the Tanzanian GDPfail to see that the safari hunting revenue has to be viewed not in isolation, but in connection with relateditems like travel, hotels, payments to outfitters, taxidermy, freight forwarding, air charter, souvenirs, tips, etcas well as the taxes paid to the State. By using multiplier effects, the hunting industry’s contribution probablyhas been in excess of 130 million dollars in 2006.All authors basically arrive at the same findings and similar conclusions – and we list some in noparticular order: Despite the hunting sector’s impressive growth little information and data are available, andeven though a confidential report with empirical economic data was presented to WD in 2004there was no response; WD uses a control system based on favoritism leading to reduced income generation for thecountry, excludes rural communities and resists efforts to introduce transparency andcompetition, whilst attempts to discuss the issues in public are curbed; a tourist hunting policy and management plan to introduce competition and to incorporatecommunities as decision-makers was developed, signed and accepted by the Director ofWildlife in 1995, but has never been implemented. Legislative changes do not adequatelyreflect the proposals.; concessions are leased at rates far below market value, favoring the development of a systemof subletting to non-Tanzanian companies and reducing the tax-base of the Government.Hunting revenue is based on a “Pay-as-Used”, rather than “Right-to-Use” system. This has notchanged despite political pressure to capture revenue potentials and real market value; calls for a transparent public tender process for hunting blocks with block fees chargedaccording to open market values went unheard;144
the sector is suffering from sub-optimal management including a lack of normative huntingstandards, monitoring of sustainable quotas, fair chase parameters, sustainable managementof hunting blocks and limited participation of rural communities. Signs of unsustainable growththrough block-division and expatriation of revenue are apparent, with neither Government norcommunities receiving what is due to them according to Tanzanian law; the financial administration of the Tourist Hunting Section in the WD was computerized in themid-nineties with financial assistance from a donor country at the request of MNRT, but neverapplied; that hunting blocks have been "allocated" on non-gazetted lands i.e. around Ruaha NationalPark, the Ngarambe-Tapika area south of the Rufiji, etc usurping village based wildlifeenterprises, such as the Ngarambe-Tapika interim WMA against the principles of the1998Wildlife Policy document; that trophy hunting feeds funds only into central government with little filtering back into districtsor to villages although the Wildlife Policy says "wildlife benefits must flow back into the villagecommunities who bear the costs of living with wildlife"; neither the WD, the individual hunting outfitters, TAHOA nor the international huntingassociations took proactive steps towards a reform process with a general reluctance notableamongst hunting safari outfitters to accept the WMA concept and effectively empower localcommunities; that biological, financial and hunt-return data, including monitoring of minimum trophystandards, for the adaptive management of the industry have not been integrated in a nationalhunting database. Minimum trophy size requirement for elephant, lion and leopard trophies aresometimes not enforced and sustainable trophy standards for buffalo have not beenintroduced; conservation basics, law and hunting ethics are frequently subordinated to marketrequirements, or in other words, to the high-fee-paying hunting tourist’s will and whim. Seriousefforts to prosecute violations are absent, despite a personal letter of the Director of Wildlife toevery PH and hunting operator in 2005, saying “there are reports about some professionalhunters failing to pay serious attention to the law, regulations and guidelines used in theadministration of safari hunting industry in Tanzania”; that game viewing tourism and hunting safaris can be well combined in most areas, thusoptimizing the revenue base, provided that protocols are established to regulate the interactionof both.Is there a solution?The events of the last three months can be described as implosion of a dysfunctional system, whichbegged for reform, but with the major players unable or unwilling to drive change. The resulting turmoil couldalso be viewed as a last opportunity for reform, as the consequences for not acting will be disastrous forwildlife, conservation and rural communities. Stakeholders need to think outside the box, forget the past andbuild a sustainable future.Those resisting reform will have to shoulder the responsibility of failure.The history of the past 10 years has shown that commissions, stakeholder dialogue, round tables,policy development, and expert papers have brought no results, despite the members of the DevelopmentPartner Group (DPG) and the Government having spent millions of dollars and countless man-hours.Problems have been discussed and analyzed ad nauseam and solutions have been presented, but wereignored and policies have not been put into practice. The present Wildlife Policy reflects the goal to conservewildlife and wild areas and to contribute to poverty reduction. Only minor parts of this Policy need to beadapted to changed circumstances, but the Government must make the political decision to introduce andenforce the policy. This decision has to come right from the top – i. e. the President’s and the Vice-President’s office as the elected representatives of people of Tanzania who are the owners of the wildliferesource, held in trust by their Government.145
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Dedicated to the People and the Wil
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Hunting in South Africa: Facts - Ri
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Warthog $600 $80 $299 $300 $114 n/a
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a) Trophy fees for overseas hunters
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Bailey (1993) 16 estimates leopard
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and adequate training programs with
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Clearly, 30.5 million Rand addition
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• Use of appropriate hunting prot
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for the triple bottom line approach
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Apart from existing and proposed na
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a result of these concerted actions
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countries to cooperate across borde
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years there have been three differe
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The interference does not only affe
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http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/susg
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Hunting for Conservation in Cameroo
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Tourist Hunting: How Tanzania Can B
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• The leading role that sport hun
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hunters, organizers and entertainer
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Although commercial trophy hunting
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We note that Packer’s proposal fo
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ecruit safari operators with a long
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corruption in the province. Once ag
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grass so the available browse (bush
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wildlife on their own," said Dr. Ko
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Tanzania Development Partners Group
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quality and age of key species bein
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As mentioned earlier, the first ste
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The characteristics of hunting tour
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from the use of a species can provi
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eplaced by holistic triple-bottom-l
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What Do You Know About Conservation
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conservation based on international
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is exceeded game populations have t
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Until 1960 wildlife was in serious
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The aim must be to halt and root ou
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• Incentives are offered as a rew
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similar instruments. Such capital i
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The authorsDr. Graham Child was the
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Hunting Benefits BiodiversityRolf B
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finds a much larger male. Since he
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The “Fortress Mentality” of col
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Hunting is a controversial topic, o
Page 93 and 94: are considered to compete for poten
Page 95 and 96: Bwabwata National ParkThe Bwabwata
Page 97 and 98: The visiting hunters will be accomm
Page 99 and 100: Not many members of the South Afric
Page 101 and 102: Symposium, SSC Chair Holly Dublin s
Page 103 and 104: tourist hunting was prepared yet wa
Page 105 and 106: Why SCP?The Tanzanian Government fi
Page 107 and 108: Government Made CBC a Cornerstone o
Page 109 and 110: • Poaching: strong upward trend
Page 111 and 112: ecology from the University of Cali
Page 113 and 114: WWF on “Hunting for Conservation
Page 115 and 116: Moving Ahead (Extracts)Editorial Co
Page 117 and 118: conservation arena, I have undertak
Page 119 and 120: The Influence of Trophy Measurement
Page 121 and 122: A total of 91 samples were collecte
Page 123 and 124: The hunting industry is important n
Page 125 and 126: Photo 4: Buffalo Bull approx. 8 Yrs
Page 127 and 128: Photo 8: Current SCI Number 5 is of
Page 129 and 130: CIC Measuring Method129
Page 131 and 132: I know about hunting too. As a ward
Page 133 and 134: guide them in the hunt as best he p
Page 135 and 136: ewilderment as most of the hunting
Page 137 and 138: After Steve Smith’s untimely deat
Page 139 and 140: owe it to ourselves. We owe it to c
Page 141 and 142: “Use it or loose it” - Consumpt
Page 143: safari, or advised booked clients t
Page 147 and 148: It is suggested that such donations
Page 149 and 150: ‣ Key-Excerpts from the speech by
Page 151 and 152: Southern African countries that eng
Page 153 and 154: But that however, is only part of t
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