3. Social Developmentregularly beaten by her husband in the initial stage <strong>of</strong> SCDP operati<strong>on</strong>. Later the husbandchanged his behaviour completely because the wife had become a CBO member and she was ina positi<strong>on</strong> to assist her family financially as well.With SCDP support, the communities implemented different kinds <strong>of</strong> projects thatc<strong>on</strong>tributed to social development. Many <strong>of</strong> these also bear direct relevance to, e.g., ec<strong>on</strong>omicactivities underlining the interlinked and intricate nature <strong>of</strong> sustainable development atcommunity level. Some <strong>of</strong> the important activities are discussed below.3.3 Water for Drinking and Irrigati<strong>on</strong>Access to safe drinking water has always been a problem in Nepal. It is even more acute inthe remote villages. This is <strong>on</strong>e <strong>of</strong> the reas<strong>on</strong>s why SCDP was eager to support drinking26Drinking water schemebenifits dalit men andwomen in Thehe, Humlawater schemes in the settlements where theCBOs prioritised them. The drinking waterschemes have been benefiting nearly 1100households in Surkhet, Okhaldhunga andHumla by providing access to safe drinkingwater. The frequency <strong>of</strong> water-borne diseaseshas also come down to some extent. To ensuresustainability <strong>of</strong> the schemes, CBOs prepareda plan, c<strong>on</strong>tributed their own resources andimplemented and eventually managed smalldrinking water schemes. SCDP linked upwith the local line agencies and local bodiesunits to support them. Communities now usethe water for multiple purposes such asdrinking, irrigati<strong>on</strong> for vegetables andsanitati<strong>on</strong>. Water harvesting techniqueswere also applied to store water in some areas(see Box 5).CBO members and SCDP staffdiscussing an irrigati<strong>on</strong> canalimprovement scheme, DangIn many parts <strong>of</strong> the hill regi<strong>on</strong>s, rain-fedcrops al<strong>on</strong>e do not guarantee food
sufficiency. Large-scale irrigati<strong>on</strong> projects and canals are not feasible. However, smallscale irrigati<strong>on</strong> projects have proved feasible and beneficial to the hill communities. Microirrigati<strong>on</strong>,canal c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong>, and repair works have increased agricultural productivity.Micro-irrigati<strong>on</strong> projects have made <strong>on</strong> and <strong>of</strong>f-seas<strong>on</strong> vegetable cultivati<strong>on</strong> possible which,in turn, has improved the nutriti<strong>on</strong> status and provided a source <strong>of</strong> extra income forhouseholds. Such systems have also minimised the loss <strong>of</strong> water due to irregular andAdult literacy classes alsohelp rural women to learnabout envir<strong>on</strong>mentalc<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong>, Surkhetinadequate irrigati<strong>on</strong> water supply during the vital growth stage <strong>of</strong> paddy. The support,although nominal, has helped some <strong>of</strong> the most disadvantaged farming communities tobuild up c<strong>on</strong>fidence and <strong>capacity</strong> to plan and carry out small c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> activities <strong>on</strong>their own with very little external support.273.4 Adult Literacy ProgrammesAdult literacy remains <strong>on</strong>e <strong>of</strong> the majorBox 5: Water - Essential for survival,sanitati<strong>on</strong> and farmingc<strong>on</strong>cerns <strong>of</strong> communities in rural areas. MostIn Humla district, seven CBOs collaborated to <strong>of</strong> the adults, especially women, are illiterateprovide more than 200 households with drinking in these areas. Before SCDP, the members <strong>of</strong>water. In an area where irrigati<strong>on</strong> is essential forvegetable producti<strong>on</strong>, water is also used forinfluential families <strong>of</strong> the community werevegetable gardens. In many rural villages, a lack the <strong>on</strong>ly <strong>on</strong>es to have access to adult literacy<strong>of</strong> toilets pollutes the entire village. But in theclasses. The poor were either ignored or notvillage <strong>of</strong> Thehe in Humla district, people havebuilt community toilets and are keeping them clean. motivated enough to join such classes. But,with the classes CBOs had started, thingsWater harvesting is another example where changed because the poor were especiallyCBOs have worked to benefit the communities.In remote, high and hilly villages where there are targeted. Less<strong>on</strong>s about envir<strong>on</strong>ment andno water springs or streams, drinking water is a natural resources managment were alsoprecious commodity. In Surkhet district, the CBOsincluded in most <strong>of</strong> these n<strong>on</strong>-formal literacyhave built 2,000 litre cement c<strong>on</strong>tainers for thecollecti<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> rainwater during the m<strong>on</strong>so<strong>on</strong>. The classes for adults. This c<strong>on</strong>tributed to bothwater is then used during the dry seas<strong>on</strong>. social development and envir<strong>on</strong>mentc<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong>.Source: Capacity <strong>21</strong>, New York, 2003The literacy classes were first started inKailali, where social development was the entry point. Altogether 68 such literacy classesReflecti<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> Nepal Capacity <strong>21</strong> Initiative: Achievements and Less<strong>on</strong>s Learned (1996-2003)