The Ecology of Tidal Freshwater Marshes of the - USGS National ...

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Table 1. Conservative estimates of acreages of tidal freshwater marshes on the United States east coast.Fiyures in parentheses are hectares.State Estimated area References Commentsha (acres)FloridaNo re1 iable estimate or observations availableGeorgia 19,040 (47,047) Hi1 kes (1976) Estimate qay include some tidal swamn and non-Mathews et al. (1980)tidal freshwater marshSouth Carol ina 26,115 (64,531) Tiner (1977)North Carol i na 1,200 (3,000) U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers (1979);Wilson (1962)Virginia 16,000 (39,000) Gene Si 1 berhorn(unpubl ished data)(1954)w Mary1 and 10,345 (25,563) McCormick and Somes(1982)Delaware 823 (2,033) Daiber et al. (1976)South Carolina also has 28,511 ha (70,451 acres)of "coastal impoundments" which contain considerableacreage of tidal freshwater marsh18,600 ha (46,000 acres) of "shallow fresh marsh"re~orted hy Wilson are not tidal freshwater hvour definition; re~orted area is on the CaoeFear RiverPrecise estimate based on the Virginiawet1 ands inventorybnears to he an excellent estimate and animprovement on earlier State and Federal estimatesThere are an additional 1231) ha (10,452 acres) of"transition marsh" which is ver.y similar to tidalfreshwater marshPennsylvania 400 (1,000) Our observations Rough estimate; located along the Delaware QiverNew Jersey 89,000 (220,000) Sirnpson et al. (1983) Very rough estimate, mav be too hiqhNew York 400 (1,000) Our observations Rough estimate; located along Hudson RiverConnecticut 444 (1,097) Metzler and Rosza (1982) 471 ha (1,040 acres) associated with tQeConnecticut River and 23 ha (57 acres) along theHousatonic RiverRhode Island 40 (100) Our observations Very rough estimateMassachusetts 400 (1,000) Our observations A1 ong the North and Merrimack RiversNew Hampshi reand MaineNo estimate or observation availableTOTAL 164,000 (405,000) (an imprecise estivate)-
MERRIMACK RlVERNORTH RlVERCONNECTICUT RlVERHUDSON RlVERCA AND WADING RIVERSPOTOMAC RlVERRAPPAHANNOCK RIVERRK RlVER (MATTAPONI AND PAMUNKEY)JAMES AND CHICKAHOMINY RIVERSHARBOR (COOPER,NEW-WRIGHT RIVERSSAVANNAH RlVERFigure 2.marsh.Representative areas with more than 200 ha (500 acres) of tidal freshwater4
Page 2 and 3: LibraryNational Wetlands Restarch C
Page 4 and 5: PREFACEThis report is part of a ser
Page 6 and 7: Page.......6.1 Species Composition
Page 8: TABLESNumber12345678910111213141516
Page 13: (DURINGLowFLOWCONMTIONS)Figure 1. T
Page 17 and 18: Figure 3,Tidal freshwater marsh on
Page 19 and 20: In general the river systems of the
Page 21 and 22: and Powers (1978) measured the cati
Page 24 and 25: CHAPTER 2, COMMUNITY COMPONENTS: PL
Page 26 and 27: Table 4.Common species of vascular
Page 28 and 29: Nyssa sylvanticaN~s;;~;;uaticaMediu
Page 30 and 31: progresses, some pl ants wi 11 be o
Page 32 and 33: many of the tidal freshwater marshe
Page 34 and 35: Rose-Mallow \i':JewelweedFigure 10.
Page 36 and 37: able physiognonies in this species
Page 38 and 39: 2.4 FACTORS CONT3OLLIVG PLANT DEMOG
Page 40 and 41: Table 5. Species composition of fiv
Page 42 and 43: of sorne form (e.g . , major commun
Page 44 and 45: naiads, wild celery, and dwarf arro
Page 46 and 47: govern the seasonal blooms and succ
Page 48 and 49: CHAPTER 3. ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES3.1 P
Page 50 and 51: Table 7. Continued.Peak standing cr
Page 52 and 53: ing the sampling effort to just one
Page 54 and 55: and completely decompose in 4 to 5
Page 56 and 57: SOURCES(LARGELY INORGANIC, OXIDIZED
Page 58 and 59: is an approximate 100% turnover of
Page 60 and 61: solved carbon as particulate carbon
Page 62 and 63: polychaete, Scolecol epides viridus
Page 64 and 65:
4.3 MARSH PLANT INSECT COMMUVITYPub
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minnows occupy midwater and benthic
Page 68 and 69:
Tab1 e 11.Characteristics of anadro
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Figure 24. Striped bass, the most i
Page 72 and 73:
Table 13.Numerically dominant fishe
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- Table 15. Fishes using tidal fres
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to the ocean. The freshwater reside
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Lizards and 1 izard-1 ike reptiles
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Tab1 e 17. Efficiency of secondary
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The birds of tidal freshwater wetla
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Table 18. Distribution of waterfowl
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Table 29. Breadth of diet of select
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other rails) gather to feed on the
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the effects of seabirds on nutrient
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the various soecies of mammals in t
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h?ve not been directly studied. Stu
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CHAPTER 9- VALUES, ALTERATIONS, AND
Page 99 and 100:
estuary to the rlext dependinq upon
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Section 3.3). Simpson et al. (1981)
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Tab1 e 24. Hypothetical comparisons
Page 105 and 106:
Table 24.Concluded.Characteristics
Page 107 and 108:
REFERENCESAdams, D.A. 1963. Factors
Page 109 and 110:
J.E. Clark eds. Wetland functions a
Page 111 and 112:
Sci. Rep. 40.4. Nat. Resour. Inst.U
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University Press, Ithaca, N.Y.345 p
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fish fauna of Tivoli Bays. Bard Col
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Patrick, eds. Two studies of Tinicu
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Sci . 16:77-78.Penney, J.T. 1950, D
Page 121 and 122:
Smith, B.A. 1971. The fishes of fou
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R.L. Simpson, eds. Freshwater wet1
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APPENDIX APlants of the Tidal Fresh
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PontederiaceaePontederia cordataZos
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Ona graceaeJossiaeare~en~LudwuriaDa
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APPENDIX BFISH OF TIDAL FRESHWATERS
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Amiidae -bowfins&Labrvf inElopidae
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Geographic Salinity Relativerange r
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NameCatostomidae -suckersGeographic
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Name GeographicrangeSalinityrangeRe
Page 142 and 143:
NameGeographicrangeSalinity Relativ
Page 144:
Centrarchidae -sunfishesName Geogra
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Percidae -perchesEtheostomafusiform
Page 149 and 150:
Name Geographic Salinity Relativera
Page 151 and 152:
Reference Numbers Key1. Adams 19702
Page 153 and 154:
l m L o .Arl- >4J 3o m uc, mEU mmm
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Family / SpeciesRegionStatusFood ha
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- fIn-f W--7.40 -> 0171- Lw m mUtu
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APPENDIX D:Avifauna of tidal freshw
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Hooded merganser(LoDbodvtes-)Common
Page 165 and 166:
FamilySpeciThreskiornithidae - ibis
Page 167 and 168:
Family / SpeciesRegionSeasonStatusH
Page 169 and 170:
Cathartidae - vulturesRegionDIURNAL
Page 171 and 172:
CULLS, TERNS, KINGFISHERS, AND CROW
Page 173 and 174:
ARBOREAL BIRDSFamily / Species Regi
Page 175 and 176:
Family / Species Region Season Stat
Page 177 and 178:
Family / Species Region Season Stat
Page 179 and 180:
Family / Species Region Seasonnorth
Page 181 and 182:
Family / SpeciesMarsh wren(Long-bil
Page 183 and 184:
drQFamily / SpeciesFringilidae - fi
Page 185 and 186:
APPENDIX E:Mammals of tidal freshwa
Page 187 and 188:
Family / SpeciesRegionStatusFood ha
Page 189:
50272 -to1 1REPORT DOCUMENTATION2.3
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