The Ecology of Tidal Freshwater Marshes of the - USGS National ...

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LibraryNational Wetlands Restarch Center'ire S. F:s5 erit"lii&lliil Serarice70G C2ju:ldorne Doirle\;ardLahyette, La. 70506FWS/OBS-83/17January 1984THE ECOLOGY OF TIDAL FRESHWATER MARSHES OF THEUNITED STATES EAST COAST: A COMMUNITY PROFILEWilliam E. OdumThomas J. Smith I11John K. HooverCarole C. McIvorDepartment of Envi ronmental SciencesUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvil le, VA 22903Project OfficerEdward C. PendletonNational Coastal Ecosystms TeamU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service1010 Gause BoulevardSl idel 1, LA 70458Performed forNational Coastal Ecosys tems TeamDivision of Biological ServicesResearch and DevelopmentFish and Wildlife ServiceU.S. Department of the InteriorNashington, DC 20240
DISCLAIMERThe findings in this report are not to be construed as an official U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service position unless so designated by other authorizeddocutnents .Library of Congress Card Number; 83-600579This report should be cited as:Mum, W.E., T.J. Sqith III, J.K. Hoover, and C.C. kIvor. 1984. The ecologyof tidal freshwater ~narshes of the United States east coast: a communityprofile. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. WS/OBS-83/27. 177 pp.
Page 4 and 5: PREFACEThis report is part of a ser
Page 6 and 7: Page.......6.1 Species Composition
Page 8: TABLESNumber12345678910111213141516
Page 13 and 14: (DURINGLowFLOWCONMTIONS)Figure 1. T
Page 15 and 16: MERRIMACK RlVERNORTH RlVERCONNECTIC
Page 17 and 18: Figure 3,Tidal freshwater marsh on
Page 19 and 20: In general the river systems of the
Page 21 and 22: and Powers (1978) measured the cati
Page 24 and 25: CHAPTER 2, COMMUNITY COMPONENTS: PL
Page 26 and 27: Table 4.Common species of vascular
Page 28 and 29: Nyssa sylvanticaN~s;;~;;uaticaMediu
Page 30 and 31: progresses, some pl ants wi 11 be o
Page 32 and 33: many of the tidal freshwater marshe
Page 34 and 35: Rose-Mallow \i':JewelweedFigure 10.
Page 36 and 37: able physiognonies in this species
Page 38 and 39: 2.4 FACTORS CONT3OLLIVG PLANT DEMOG
Page 40 and 41: Table 5. Species composition of fiv
Page 42 and 43: of sorne form (e.g . , major commun
Page 44 and 45: naiads, wild celery, and dwarf arro
Page 46 and 47: govern the seasonal blooms and succ
Page 48 and 49: CHAPTER 3. ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES3.1 P
Page 50 and 51: Table 7. Continued.Peak standing cr
Page 52 and 53:
ing the sampling effort to just one
Page 54 and 55:
and completely decompose in 4 to 5
Page 56 and 57:
SOURCES(LARGELY INORGANIC, OXIDIZED
Page 58 and 59:
is an approximate 100% turnover of
Page 60 and 61:
solved carbon as particulate carbon
Page 62 and 63:
polychaete, Scolecol epides viridus
Page 64 and 65:
4.3 MARSH PLANT INSECT COMMUVITYPub
Page 66 and 67:
minnows occupy midwater and benthic
Page 68 and 69:
Tab1 e 11.Characteristics of anadro
Page 70 and 71:
Figure 24. Striped bass, the most i
Page 72 and 73:
Table 13.Numerically dominant fishe
Page 74 and 75:
- Table 15. Fishes using tidal fres
Page 76 and 77:
to the ocean. The freshwater reside
Page 78 and 79:
Lizards and 1 izard-1 ike reptiles
Page 80:
Tab1 e 17. Efficiency of secondary
Page 83 and 84:
The birds of tidal freshwater wetla
Page 85 and 86:
Table 18. Distribution of waterfowl
Page 87 and 88:
Table 29. Breadth of diet of select
Page 89 and 90:
other rails) gather to feed on the
Page 91 and 92:
the effects of seabirds on nutrient
Page 93 and 94:
the various soecies of mammals in t
Page 95 and 96:
h?ve not been directly studied. Stu
Page 97 and 98:
CHAPTER 9- VALUES, ALTERATIONS, AND
Page 99 and 100:
estuary to the rlext dependinq upon
Page 101 and 102:
Section 3.3). Simpson et al. (1981)
Page 103 and 104:
Tab1 e 24. Hypothetical comparisons
Page 105 and 106:
Table 24.Concluded.Characteristics
Page 107 and 108:
REFERENCESAdams, D.A. 1963. Factors
Page 109 and 110:
J.E. Clark eds. Wetland functions a
Page 111 and 112:
Sci. Rep. 40.4. Nat. Resour. Inst.U
Page 113 and 114:
University Press, Ithaca, N.Y.345 p
Page 115 and 116:
fish fauna of Tivoli Bays. Bard Col
Page 117 and 118:
Patrick, eds. Two studies of Tinicu
Page 119 and 120:
Sci . 16:77-78.Penney, J.T. 1950, D
Page 121 and 122:
Smith, B.A. 1971. The fishes of fou
Page 123 and 124:
R.L. Simpson, eds. Freshwater wet1
Page 125 and 126:
APPENDIX APlants of the Tidal Fresh
Page 127 and 128:
PontederiaceaePontederia cordataZos
Page 129 and 130:
Ona graceaeJossiaeare~en~LudwuriaDa
Page 131 and 132:
APPENDIX BFISH OF TIDAL FRESHWATERS
Page 133 and 134:
Amiidae -bowfins&Labrvf inElopidae
Page 135 and 136:
Geographic Salinity Relativerange r
Page 138 and 139:
NameCatostomidae -suckersGeographic
Page 140 and 141:
Name GeographicrangeSalinityrangeRe
Page 142 and 143:
NameGeographicrangeSalinity Relativ
Page 144:
Centrarchidae -sunfishesName Geogra
Page 147 and 148:
Percidae -perchesEtheostomafusiform
Page 149 and 150:
Name Geographic Salinity Relativera
Page 151 and 152:
Reference Numbers Key1. Adams 19702
Page 153 and 154:
l m L o .Arl- >4J 3o m uc, mEU mmm
Page 155 and 156:
Family / SpeciesRegionStatusFood ha
Page 158 and 159:
- fIn-f W--7.40 -> 0171- Lw m mUtu
Page 160 and 161:
APPENDIX D:Avifauna of tidal freshw
Page 163 and 164:
Hooded merganser(LoDbodvtes-)Common
Page 165 and 166:
FamilySpeciThreskiornithidae - ibis
Page 167 and 168:
Family / SpeciesRegionSeasonStatusH
Page 169 and 170:
Cathartidae - vulturesRegionDIURNAL
Page 171 and 172:
CULLS, TERNS, KINGFISHERS, AND CROW
Page 173 and 174:
ARBOREAL BIRDSFamily / Species Regi
Page 175 and 176:
Family / Species Region Season Stat
Page 177 and 178:
Family / Species Region Season Stat
Page 179 and 180:
Family / Species Region Seasonnorth
Page 181 and 182:
Family / SpeciesMarsh wren(Long-bil
Page 183 and 184:
drQFamily / SpeciesFringilidae - fi
Page 185 and 186:
APPENDIX E:Mammals of tidal freshwa
Page 187 and 188:
Family / SpeciesRegionStatusFood ha
Page 189:
50272 -to1 1REPORT DOCUMENTATION2.3
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