The Ecology of Tidal Freshwater Marshes of the - USGS National ...

Nyssa sylvanticaN~s;;~;;uaticaMedium-sized tree (10 m) with numeroushorizontal, crooked branches; leaves crowdedat twig ends turning scarlet in fall; flowersappear in AprillMay.Panicum vir atum Perennial grass 1-2 m in height in largem h * bunches with partially woody stems; nest ofhairs where leaf blade attaches to sheath;large, open delicately branched seed headproduced in late summer; rhizomatous.Pel tandra vir inicaaStemless plants, 1-1.5 m tall, growing inloose colonies; several arrowhead-shapedleaves on long stalks; emerge in ratherdense clumps from a thick subsurface tuber;flowers from May to June.Phragmi tasTall, coarse grass with a feathery seedaustral ishead; 1-3 m in height; grows aggressively-reed ) from long, creeping rhizomes; perennial ;flowers from July to September.Polyqonum arifoll Plants with long, weak stems up to 2 m tall,Pol onum sa ittatum usually leaning on other vegetation; leaves[ ; : a r t h u e saqitate in shape and alternate; leaf midri6sand stems arined with recurved barbs;flowers small and appearing in late summer;-L annual.IJPolyqonum punctatum Upright plants growing from a fibrousPol onum densi- tuft of roots; narrowly to widelyT~%uT - lanceolate leaves with stalks basallyPolygonum hydropi-~ E es ) denclosed within a membranous sheath; upto 1 m; flowers at spike at end ofstalk.Pontederia cordata Rhizomatous perennial growing in dense or-(Pickexweed) loose colonies; plants up to 2 m tall ;fleshy, heart-shaped leaves with parallelveins and emerging from spongy stalks;flowers dark violet-blue, appearing June toAugust.Flarsh/upl and borders Fresh --Acer ruhrumMyrica ceriferam s n l .Dry to moist sandy soils or Fresh to -- Hi3iscus snn.the mid-i ntertidal portions nesohal ine Sci rpus snp.of tidal freshwater marshes; Eleocharis oalustrisdisturbed areasGrows predominantly as an Fresh to Pontederia cordataemergent on stream margins or 01 igohal ine Z izania aquaticaintertidal marsh zones on ~nanv other soeci~srich, loose siltExtrenely cos~noool itan, growing Fresh to Spartina cynosuroid-esintidal and nontidal marshes nesohaline Zizania ?qttaticaand often associated with disturbedareasShallow water or damp soil ; Fresh to Bidens sno.middle to upper intertidal 01 igohal ine Hihiscus spp.zoneIm~atiens canensis--- ---!Ipper three-quarters of inter- Fresh to Many s7eciestidal zone in freshwater marshes oligohalineon wet or damp soilLower intertidal zone of Fresh tc~ Nuphar lutpumtidal freshwater marshes oligohaline Pel tandra virqinicaSaqittnri3- latifol iaRosa alustris7 ~ a -Shrub up to 2 m growing in loose colonies;stems lack prickles except for those occurringat hases of leaf stalks; pinnatelycompound leaves with fine serrate margins;showy, pink flowers appearing JulyJAugust.High intertidal zones or wet Fresh to Cenhala~thus occidentmeadows01 igohal ine -alis- -Rumex verticil latus Erect, robust annual with dark-green, Wet meadows or pond margins Fresh tom t e r dock) lance-shaped leaves; stem swollen at nodes; on mud or in shallow water 01 igohal ineattains heights over 1.5 m.,and grows solitaror n oose colonies flower head i?evlrent in late spr~ng and can he 53 cm Inlength.(continued)