The Ecology of Tidal Freshwater Marshes of the - USGS National ...

Table 4.Common species of vascular plants occurring in the tidal freshwater habitat.G e n e r a l H a b i t a t Sal ini ty AssociatedSpecies c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s p r e f e r e n c e to1 erance spcci esAcorus calamus(SweetmA1 ternanthera~hiloxeroidesA1 1 igatorweed)Ascle ias incarnataSwamp milkweed)- 7-4G --Bidens coronataBi dens 1 aevi s(Buiia3@3?f)Cal amagros t iscanadensi s-grass)- Carex spp.(Sedges)Echinochloa wal teri(Water's m i - wGrows in dense colonies propagating mainly Shallow water or wet soil;by 'rhizome; stemless plants up to 1.5 m with channel marginsFresh Pel tandra virginicaPol yqonum SDD .stiff, narrow basal leaves; cyl indrical in-Impatiens capensisflorescence emerges from side of stem (openspadi x) ; aromatic.Hollow stems with simple branches hearing Extreqely adaptable; often Fresh toopposite, 1 ance-shaped leaves; forms dense emersed oligohaline-------mats; flowers on long panicles; perennial.Erect, fleshy and stout; up to 2 m; leaves Common to levee sections of Fresh to Pel tandra virqinicalanceolate with blades as long as 20 cm; not the tidal marsh habitat; mesohal ine Pol onum spo.conspicuous until mid-summer when it towers tolerates periodic inundation*o .above other marsh forbs.Tall, leafy, pink-flowered herb growing Cosmopol i tan ; grows in many Fresh to High marsh herbssolitary or in small, loose groups; lance- wetland situations; high oligohalineshaped, opposite leaves; reproduces via seeds marsh speciesor rhizomes.Annual plants up to 1.5 m tall, solitary or Cosmopolitan, growing in the Freshin small scattered groups; loosely branched upper two-thi rds of the interabovewith opposite leaves; leaf shape vari- tidal zone on wet mud or inable but generally toothed or lance01 ate;shallow waterimpressive yellow bloom late in the growingseason.Slender grass up to 1.5 m, generally formingdense colonies; long, flat leaves;loose, ovoid panicle with purplish color;perenni a1 .Wet meadows and thicket5Grass1 ike sedges, culms mostly 3-angled,Low areas with frequentbearin several leaves with rough margins;up to ! m tall and usually in groups; perenfloodingor damp soilnial from long, stout rhizomes.Fresh?FreshPol yqonum sno.haranthus cannabinusother Bidens sop.-Tv~ha SDD.Acorus cal amus--Branched shrub up to 1.5 m tall with Upland margins and raised Freshto Hibiscussn~.leathery smooth opposite leaves and white hummocks of tidal freshwater 01 igohal ine Cornusnomumflowers crowded into dense, spherical, marshes; wet soilstalked heads; flowers June through Aug~~st;leaf petioles reddish.Grass up to 2 m, solitary or in small groups; Shallow water; moist areas, Fresh to -------long, moderately wide leaf blades; flowers in disturbed sites 01 igohal inea terminal panicle which is ovoid, greenishpurple, and appears in July/August.(continued)