The Ecology of Tidal Freshwater Marshes of the - USGS National ...

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Table 7. Continued.Peak standing cropAnnualVegetation type Tops Roots Oe ad production State SourceAverage 1141 869Cattail 2338 - 167 - MD 71190* - 300 - MD 496 G - - 1868 MD 8987 - - - NJ 11850 1800 - - NJ 51007" 1371 - - NJ 6- - - 95 6 NJ 131297* - - 1320 IVJ 161199 - - 1534 NJ 10804 5053 - - NJ 141310* - - - PA 9Average 12 15 1420aur~nari gold 1025 910 NJ 161109 1771 NJ 10900 - - - PA 9Average 1017 1340Sweetfl ag 117 4* - - - MD 12605 - - - NJ 1181 9* - - - NJ 15623 - - 1071 NJ 10Average 85 7Avera ye 432Water- hemp 1112 - - 1547 NJ 10678 560 - - NJ 5Average 960Giant RagweedAverage 1205(continued)
Table 7.ConcludedPeak standing cropAnnualVeyetati on type Tops Roots Dead production State SourceCormnon reedAverage 1850 ,I872Big cordgrass 3543* - - - MD 1295 1 - 241 - MD 41207 - - 1572 MD 8Average 2311Spiked- 2 104 - - 2100 NJ 16loosestri fe 1373 - - - PA 9Average 1616Swanp rose 699** - - - MD 12Red map1 elash 522** - -Bald cypress 344** - - - MD 12rvlud a1 gae 4* - - - NJ 16*Value generated from more than one estimate**Leaves <strong>of</strong> woody pl ants; no wood is includedList <strong>of</strong> Sources :1-Birch and Cooley 1982 8-Johnson 1970 15-Wass and Wright2-Cahoon 1962 9-McConnick 1970 19693-Doumlele 1381 10-McCormick 1977 16-Whigham and4-Flemer et a1 . 1978 11-McCormick and Ashbaugh 1972 Simpson 19755-Good and Good 1976 12-McCormick and Somes 19826-Good et a1 . 1975 13-Stevenson et al. 19767-Heinle et al. 1974 14-Walker and Good 1976
Page 2 and 3: LibraryNational Wetlands Restarch C
Page 4 and 5: PREFACEThis report is part of a ser
Page 6 and 7: Page.......6.1 Species Composition
Page 8: TABLESNumber12345678910111213141516
Page 13 and 14: (DURINGLowFLOWCONMTIONS)Figure 1. T
Page 15 and 16: MERRIMACK RlVERNORTH RlVERCONNECTIC
Page 17 and 18: Figure 3,Tidal freshwater marsh on
Page 19 and 20: In general the river systems of the
Page 21 and 22: and Powers (1978) measured the cati
Page 24 and 25: CHAPTER 2, COMMUNITY COMPONENTS: PL
Page 26 and 27: Table 4.Common species of vascular
Page 28 and 29: Nyssa sylvanticaN~s;;~;;uaticaMediu
Page 30 and 31: progresses, some pl ants wi 11 be o
Page 32 and 33: many of the tidal freshwater marshe
Page 34 and 35: Rose-Mallow \i':JewelweedFigure 10.
Page 36 and 37: able physiognonies in this species
Page 38 and 39: 2.4 FACTORS CONT3OLLIVG PLANT DEMOG
Page 40 and 41: Table 5. Species composition of fiv
Page 42 and 43: of sorne form (e.g . , major commun
Page 44 and 45: naiads, wild celery, and dwarf arro
Page 46 and 47: govern the seasonal blooms and succ
Page 48 and 49: CHAPTER 3. ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES3.1 P
Page 52 and 53: ing the sampling effort to just one
Page 54 and 55: and completely decompose in 4 to 5
Page 56 and 57: SOURCES(LARGELY INORGANIC, OXIDIZED
Page 58 and 59: is an approximate 100% turnover of
Page 60 and 61: solved carbon as particulate carbon
Page 62 and 63: polychaete, Scolecol epides viridus
Page 64 and 65: 4.3 MARSH PLANT INSECT COMMUVITYPub
Page 66 and 67: minnows occupy midwater and benthic
Page 68 and 69: Tab1 e 11.Characteristics of anadro
Page 70 and 71: Figure 24. Striped bass, the most i
Page 72 and 73: Table 13.Numerically dominant fishe
Page 74 and 75: - Table 15. Fishes using tidal fres
Page 76 and 77: to the ocean. The freshwater reside
Page 78 and 79: Lizards and 1 izard-1 ike reptiles
Page 80: Tab1 e 17. Efficiency of secondary
Page 83 and 84: The birds of tidal freshwater wetla
Page 85 and 86: Table 18. Distribution of waterfowl
Page 87 and 88: Table 29. Breadth of diet of select
Page 89 and 90: other rails) gather to feed on the
Page 91 and 92: the effects of seabirds on nutrient
Page 93 and 94: the various soecies of mammals in t
Page 95 and 96: h?ve not been directly studied. Stu
Page 97 and 98: CHAPTER 9- VALUES, ALTERATIONS, AND
Page 99 and 100: estuary to the rlext dependinq upon
Page 101 and 102:
Section 3.3). Simpson et al. (1981)
Page 103 and 104:
Tab1 e 24. Hypothetical comparisons
Page 105 and 106:
Table 24.Concluded.Characteristics
Page 107 and 108:
REFERENCESAdams, D.A. 1963. Factors
Page 109 and 110:
J.E. Clark eds. Wetland functions a
Page 111 and 112:
Sci. Rep. 40.4. Nat. Resour. Inst.U
Page 113 and 114:
University Press, Ithaca, N.Y.345 p
Page 115 and 116:
fish fauna of Tivoli Bays. Bard Col
Page 117 and 118:
Patrick, eds. Two studies of Tinicu
Page 119 and 120:
Sci . 16:77-78.Penney, J.T. 1950, D
Page 121 and 122:
Smith, B.A. 1971. The fishes of fou
Page 123 and 124:
R.L. Simpson, eds. Freshwater wet1
Page 125 and 126:
APPENDIX APlants of the Tidal Fresh
Page 127 and 128:
PontederiaceaePontederia cordataZos
Page 129 and 130:
Ona graceaeJossiaeare~en~LudwuriaDa
Page 131 and 132:
APPENDIX BFISH OF TIDAL FRESHWATERS
Page 133 and 134:
Amiidae -bowfins&Labrvf inElopidae
Page 135 and 136:
Geographic Salinity Relativerange r
Page 138 and 139:
NameCatostomidae -suckersGeographic
Page 140 and 141:
Name GeographicrangeSalinityrangeRe
Page 142 and 143:
NameGeographicrangeSalinity Relativ
Page 144:
Centrarchidae -sunfishesName Geogra
Page 147 and 148:
Percidae -perchesEtheostomafusiform
Page 149 and 150:
Name Geographic Salinity Relativera
Page 151 and 152:
Reference Numbers Key1. Adams 19702
Page 153 and 154:
l m L o .Arl- >4J 3o m uc, mEU mmm
Page 155 and 156:
Family / SpeciesRegionStatusFood ha
Page 158 and 159:
- fIn-f W--7.40 -> 0171- Lw m mUtu
Page 160 and 161:
APPENDIX D:Avifauna of tidal freshw
Page 163 and 164:
Hooded merganser(LoDbodvtes-)Common
Page 165 and 166:
FamilySpeciThreskiornithidae - ibis
Page 167 and 168:
Family / SpeciesRegionSeasonStatusH
Page 169 and 170:
Cathartidae - vulturesRegionDIURNAL
Page 171 and 172:
CULLS, TERNS, KINGFISHERS, AND CROW
Page 173 and 174:
ARBOREAL BIRDSFamily / Species Regi
Page 175 and 176:
Family / Species Region Season Stat
Page 177 and 178:
Family / Species Region Season Stat
Page 179 and 180:
Family / Species Region Seasonnorth
Page 181 and 182:
Family / SpeciesMarsh wren(Long-bil
Page 183 and 184:
drQFamily / SpeciesFringilidae - fi
Page 185 and 186:
APPENDIX E:Mammals of tidal freshwa
Page 187 and 188:
Family / SpeciesRegionStatusFood ha
Page 189:
50272 -to1 1REPORT DOCUMENTATION2.3
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