Levy_S-Hackers-Heroes-Computer-Revolution

eventually allowed to push a few buttons on the machine, and watch the lights as itworked. There were secrets to those IBM machines that had been painstakinglylearned by some of the older people at MIT with access to the 704 and friendsamong the Priesthood. Amazingly, a few of these programmers, grad studentsworking with McCarthy, had even written a program that utilized one of the rowsof tiny lights: the lights would be lit in such an order that it looked like a little ballwas being passed from right to left: if an operator hit a switch at just the right time,the motion of the lights could be reversed Computer Ping-Pong! This obviouslywas the kind of thing that you'd show off to impress your peers, who would thentake a look at the actual program you had written and see how it was done.To top the program, someone else might try to do the same thing with fewerinstructions a worthy endeavor, since there was so little room in the small"memory" of the computers of those days that not many instructions could fit intothem. John McCarthy had once noticed how his graduate students who loiteredaround the 704 would work over their computer programs to get the most out of thefewest instructions, and get the program compressed so that fewer cards wouldneed to be fed to the machine. Shaving off an instruction or two was almost anobsession with them. McCarthy compared these students to ski bums. They got thesame kind of primal thrill from "maximizing code" as fanatic skiers got fromswooshing frantically down a hill. So the practice of taking a computer programand trying to cut off instructions without affecting the outcome came to be called"program bumming," and you would often hear people mumbling things like"Maybe I can bum a few instructions out and get the octal correction card loaderdown to three cards instead of four."McCarthy in 1959 was turning his interest from chess to a new way of talking tothe computer, the whole new "language" called LISP. Alan Kotok and his friendswere more than eager to take over the chess project. Working on the batchprocessedIBM, they embarked on the gargantuan project of teaching the 704, andlater the 709, and even after that its replacement the 7090, how to play the game ofkings. Eventually Kotok's group became the largest users of computer time in theentire MIT computation center.Still, working with the IBM machine was frustrating. There was nothing worsethan the long wait between the time you handed in your cards and the time yourresults were handed back to you. If you had misplaced as much as one letter in oneinstruction, the program would crash, and you would have to start the wholeprocess over again. It went hand in hand with the stifling proliferation of goddamnrules that permeated the atmosphere of the computation center. Most of the ruleswere designed to keep crazy young computer fans like Samson and Kotok andSaunders physically distant from the machine itself. The most rigid rule of all wasthat no one should be able to actually touch or tamper with the machine itself. This,