Intercultural Education in the Post-Primary School - National Council ...

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Table 4: Asylum Applications in IrelandYear1992 401993 901994 3601995 4201996 1,1801997 3,8801998 4,6301999 7,7202000 10,9382001 10,3252002 11,6342003 7,9002004 4,766During the 1990s Ireland began to receivea larger share of asylum seekers (Table 4).These asylum seekers came from manycountries including Nigeria, Romania,Republic of Moldova, Poland, DemocraticRepublic of Congo, the RussianFederation, Algeria, and the Ukraine. Inaddition to those who sought asylum inIreland, the Irish government has, atvarious times, welcomed groups of peoplewho were fleeing persecution, such asthose from former Yugoslav states such asBosnia-Herzegovina during the period ofgenocide in that country, or at a later date,those fleeing persecution in Kosovo. Thesewere known as Programme Refugees anddid not have to go through the asylumprocess. In recent years the number ofapplications for asylum in Ireland hasbeen decreasing.Simply listing the numbers of people andthe countries from which they come in thisway does not fully represent the reality ofcultural diversity, which these immigrantsrepresent. A country like Nigeria, forexample, contains three major ethnicgroups and, perhaps more than 240minority languages and ethnic groups.Other countries of origin may also bequite diverse.Although the recent growth in immigrationhas given rise to a greater awareness ofcultural diversity in Ireland, it could beargued that Ireland has long been culturallydiverse. One of the largest minority ethnicgroups in Ireland is the Irish Travellercommunity. There are an estimated 25,000Travellers in Ireland, a further 15,000 IrishTravellers living in the UK and 10,000 livingin the USA. The Irish Government’s 1995Report of the Task Force on the TravellingCommunity identifies that Travellers are adistinct ethnic group in Ireland, but alsoidentifies that this has often not beenfully recognised.It is clear that the Traveller community’sculture is distinct and different. ‘Settled’people generally recognise the differencebut fail to understand it as culturaldifference. This is a phenomenon,characteristic of many societies, where themajority culture sees itself as holding auniversal validity or norm in relation tovalues, meanings and identity.Ireland has also long been a linguisticallydiverse society and has two officiallanguages, Irish and English. The island ofIreland is also the home of a number ofother native languages, including UlsterScots, Irish Sign language and Gammon orCant (a language historically known to andused by Irish Travellers). Indeed, like manysocieties world wide, Ireland ischaracterised by some degree ofbilingualism. The 1996 Census showedthat, as well as being speakers of English,43 per cent of the Irish population werespeakers of Irish. In Gaeltacht areas, thisrises to 76 per cent. On a national basis,one quarter of those who speak Irish use itdaily. This rises to 60 per cent in Gaeltachtareas. For some, Irish is their first language(usually with English as a second4Intercultural Education in the Post-Primary School
THE CONTEXT OF INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION 1language). For others, it is a secondlanguage, learned in addition to thelanguage of their home. This highlights thecomplexity and diversity of the linguisticenvironment in Ireland, and indeed in Irisheducation. Both Irish and English play animportant role in Irish identity and society,and both languages are required subjects ofstudy for students following the juniorcycle programme.Religious diversity is also a feature of Irishsociety. The 2002 Census shows that over11% of the population belong to minorityreligious groups. Alongside the 3.4 millionRoman Catholics in the state, over200,000 people were described as havingno religion or did not state a religion,while over 115,600 people described theirreligion as Church of Ireland or Protestant.Presbyterians and Muslims each accountfor about 20,000 people while theOrthodox Church accounted for over10,000 people. Other significant religiousgroups in Ireland include Jews andJehovah’s Witnesses. While the religiousmake-up of Ireland has changed over theyears, Ireland has long had significantreligious diversity. Indeed, in the past theProtestant and Jewish populations inIreland would have been significantlylarger than in more recent times.Even within the majority ethnic group(although the term ‘ethnic’ is often appliedto minority groups, everyone has anethnicity) there exists significant diversityin lifestyle, values and beliefs. A number ofstudies of Irish attitudes and values showsignificant differences between urban andrural dwellers, as well as differences acrossage, education level and social class. Thissuggests that, even without looking atminority ethnic groups, the generalisationthat is called Irish culture hides a greatdiversity of ways of life. Diversity in food,music, lifestyle, religious beliefs, language,values, ethnicity and, increasingly, in skincolour, are a core part of Irish life. Theyeach play a role in contributing to the richmix that is Irishness.In this respect, Ireland today mirrorsIreland at various times in her past. Irelandhas been forged from diversity, fromsuccessive waves of immigration includingCeltic, Viking, Norman, English, Scots andHuguenot, something which can be seen inthe diversity of origins of names which aretypical in Ireland. The Irish Nobel Prizewinning playwright George Bernard Shawexpressed this when he wrote, “I am agenuine typical Irishman of the Danish,Norman, Cromwellian and (of course)Scotch invasions.”RACISM IN IRELANDSome researchers indicate that a traditionalview of Irishness–one that does notrecognise the cultural and ethnic diversity,which has long existed in Ireland–hasmade many Irish people from minoritygroups feel excluded. In a similar way, theidea that ‘Irish’ means ‘settled’ has meantthat there has been little accommodationfor what is distinctive in Traveller culturein Irish society. These can be understoodas some of the manifestations of racism inIrish society.UNESCO Declaration on Race andRacial PrejudiceArticle 2:2 – Racism includes racistideologies, prejudiced attitudes,discriminatory behaviour, structuralarrangements and institutionalisedpractices resulting in racial inequality aswell as the fallacious notion thatdiscriminatory relations between groupsare morally justifiable; it is reflected indiscriminatory provisions in legislation orregulations and discriminatory practices aswell as in anti-social beliefs and acts...Intercultural Education in the Post-Primary School 5
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APPROACHES AND METHODOLOGIES 6CLASS
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GLOSSARYPositive profilingA form of
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BIBLIOGRAPHYIreland, Department of
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CLASSROOM RESOURCES FOR INTERCULTUR
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CLASSROOM RESOURCES FOR INTERCULTUR
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NCCANational Council for Curriculum
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